“…However, these materials have limitations such as insufficient osteogenic induction, low mechanical strength, a repair rate mismatch with bone tissue, and insufficient antibacterial properties. , Calcium silicate-based biomaterials have demonstrated improved efficacy effective in promoting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and bone formation than conventional calcium–phosphorus-based materials. , The presence of Ca in calcium silicate (CS) can help promote the production of the calcium–phosphorus layer and the growth of new bone . However, most CS is synthesized from industrial materials, resulting in significant pollution; furthermore, the raw materials are limited and nonbiodegradable. − Therefore, the use of biological materials, such as eggshells and diatomaceous earth, may be beneficial for CS synthesis.…”