GRGM900C: A degree 900 lunar gravity model from GRAIL primary and extended mission data

Lemoine, F. G.; Goossens, Sander; Sabaka, Terence J.; Nicholas, J. B.; Mazarico, E.; Rowlands, D. D.; Loomis, B. D.; Chinn, D. S.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Smith, David E.; Zuber, M. T.

doi:10.1002/2014gl060027

Cited by 166 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For Mars, we used MOLA [21] discrete topographic data and the MRO120D [22] gravitational model, both up to degree 120. For the Moon, we adopted the SLDEM2015 elevation model [23] and the gravitational model GRGM900C [24], using their coefficients truncated again only up to degree 180.…”

Section: Input Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Applicability of Molodensky’s Concept of Heights in Planetary Sciences

Tenzer

Foroughi

2018

Geosciences

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Geometric heights, defined with respect to a geometric reference surface, are the most commonly used in planetary studies, but the use of physical heights defined with respect to an equipotential surface (typically the geoid) has been also acknowledged for specific studies (such as gravity-driven mass movements). In terrestrial studies, the geoid is defined as an equipotential surface that best fits the mean sea surface and extends under continents. Since gravimetric geoid modelling under continents is limited by the knowledge of a topographic density distribution, alternative concepts have been proposed. Molodensky introduced the quasigeoid as a height reference surface that could be determined from observed gravity without adopting any hypothesis about the topographic density. This concept is widely used in geodetic applications because differences between the geoid and the quasigeoid are mostly up to a few centimeters, except for mountainous regions. Here we discuss the possible applicability of Molodensky's concept in planetary studies. The motivation behind this is rationalized by two factors. Firstly, knowledge of the crustal densities of planetary bodies is insufficient. Secondly, large parts of planetary surfaces have negative heights, implying that density information is not required. Taking into consideration the various theoretical and practical aspects discussed in this article, we believe that the choice between the geoid and the quasigeoid is not strictly limited because both options have advantages and disadvantages. We also demonstrate differences between the geoid and the quasigeoid on Mercury, Venus, Mars and Moon, showing that they are larger than on Earth.

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Section: Input Datasetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Applicability of Molodensky’s Concept of Heights in Planetary Sciences

Tenzer

Foroughi

2018

Geosciences

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“…They differed in terms of the OD software, a priori models, data editing, and parameter estimation strategy used, among others. Later, global field models that utilized the GRAIL data, with a maximum degree and order of 420 [47], 660 [48,49], 900 [50,51], and 1200 [52], were released. Very recently, the highest resolution lunar gravity field model to date, with a maximum degree and order of 1500, was generated by analyzing the data from the primary and extended GRAIL missions, yielding a surface resolution of 3.6 km [53].…”

Section: S To Present Daymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Selenopotential Model and Its Effects on the Propagation Accuracy of Orbits around the Moon

Song

Kim

Bae

et al. 2017

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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The current work analyzes the effect of applying different selenopotential models to the propagation of a lunar orbiting spacecraft. A brief evolution history of the selenopotential model is first presented; then, four representative selenopotential models are selected for force modeling. Expected propagation errors are presented with respect to three different circular polar orbits around the Moon. As a result, an expected but rather significant number of orbit propagation errors are discovered. Compared to the solutions obtained using the GRAIL1500E model, the overall 3D propagation errors for a 4-day period could reach up to several tens of kilometers (50 km altitude case with the GLGM2 model) and up to several hundreds of meters (50, 100, and 200 km altitude cases even with the GRAIL660B model). For each different orbiter's altitude, the appropriate ranges of the degree and order of the gravitational harmonic coefficients are also suggested to yield the best propagation performances with respect to the performance obtained with the full harmonic coefficients using the GRAIL1500E model. The results of the current work are expected to serve as practical guidelines for the field of system budget analysis, mission design, mission operations, and the analysis of scientific results.

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“…Profiles are from the LOLA Reduced Data Record (RDR) products (Version ID: v1.04), which were released on 21 July 2014 to the NASA Planetary Data Service (PDS). Spacecraft ephemeris were significantly improved using LRO radiometric tracking data and the GRAIL gravity model, subsequently increasing the geodetic accuracy (Lemoine et al 2014;Mazarico et al 2013). These corrections reduce each spot's positional uncertainty to <10 m horizontally and <1 m vertically (Mazarico et al 2013).…”

Section: Lola Topographic Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracting Accurate and Precise Topography From Lroc Narrow Angle Camera Stereo Observations

Henriksen¹,

Manheim²,

Speyerer³

et al. 2016

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) includes two identical Narrow Angle Cameras (NAC) that acquire meter scale imaging. Stereo observations are acquired by imaging from two or more orbits, including at least one off-nadir slew. Digital terrain models (DTMs) generated from the stereo observations are controlled to Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) elevation profiles. With current processing methods, digital terrain models (DTM) have absolute accuracies commensurate than the uncertainties of the LOLA profiles (~10 m horizontally and ~1 m vertically) and relative horizontal and vertical precisions better than the pixel scale of the DTMs (2 to 5 m). The NAC stereo pairs and derived DTMs represent an invaluable tool for science and exploration purposes. We computed slope statistics from 81 highland and 31 mare DTMs across a range of baselines. Overlapping DTMs of single stereo sets were also combined to form larger area DTM mosaics, enabling detailed characterization of large geomorphic features and providing a key resource for future exploration planning. Currently, two percent of the lunar surface is imaged in NAC stereo and continued acquisition of stereo observations will serve to strengthen our knowledge of the Moon and geologic processes that occur on all the terrestrial planets.

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GRGM900C: A degree 900 lunar gravity model from GRAIL primary and extended mission data

Cited by 166 publications

References 29 publications

On the Applicability of Molodensky’s Concept of Heights in Planetary Sciences

On the Applicability of Molodensky’s Concept of Heights in Planetary Sciences

Evolution of the Selenopotential Model and Its Effects on the Propagation Accuracy of Orbits around the Moon

Extracting Accurate and Precise Topography From Lroc Narrow Angle Camera Stereo Observations

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