Gremlin1 preferentially binds to bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and BMP-4 over BMP-7

Abstract

Gremlin1 has a distinct preference for which bone morphogenetic protein it binds to in kidney epithelial cells. Grem1–BMP-2 complexes are favoured over other BMPs, and this may play an important role in fibrotic kidney disease.

The characteristics of activated portal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis

“…Gremlin1 is a secreted antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) -2, -4, and -7 and a VEGFR2 agonist (Church et al, 2015; Merino et al, 1999). Gremlin is also identified as a marker of skeletal stem cells which contribute to the embryogenesis of bone, cartilage and reticular stromal (Worthley et al, 2015).…”

The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Antagonists

“…Similarly, as recently reviewed elsewhere, the fine control of the balance between BMP activity and gremlin appears to be essential for normal organogenesis of the kidney (Nishinakamura & Sakaguchi, 2014). Gremlin is a more potent antagonist of BMPs -2 and -4 compared to BMP-7 (Church et al, 2014;Sudo, Avsian-Kretchmer, Wang, & Hsueh, 2004). Where both BMP-4 and gremlin are expressed in the same cell, they are able to interact intracellularly (Sun et al, 2006).…”

Clinical significance of Gremlin 1 in cervical cancer and its effects on cancer stem cell maintenance

“…Gremlin 1 specifically antagonizes BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 function among the various members of BMPs (19). we performed the same experiments using BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 (500 ng/ml).…”

“…Gremlin 1 is one of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists and especially antagonizes with BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 (18,19). BMPs are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily and play an essential role during development and differentiation while Gremlin 1 is also related to differentiation in combination with BMPs and its dysregulation results in developmental diseases (20)(21)(22)(23).…”