Greening up organic reactions with caffeine: applications, recent developments, and future directions

Abstract

Among the diverse natural catalysts, caffeine has emerged as a green, expedient, non-toxic, and biodegradable catalyst. The main objective of this review is to present the existing knowledge pertaining to the exploitation of caffeine in various organic transformations.

Caffeine and Purine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on the Chemistry, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthesis‐Related Reactions, Biomedical Prospectives and Clinical Applications

“…The nitration of (70) gave N-(1, 3dimethyl-5-nitro-dioxopyrimidin-4-yl) formamide (71). Reduction of ( 71) by zinc dust in acetic acid gave dimethyl-purindione (2). The addition of bromine on ( 69) to afford 6-amino-5-bromodimethylpyrimidindione ( 72), cycloaddition of ( 72) with formamide afford the same product (theophylline 2), alkylated of ( 2) with methyliodide to give caffeine ( 1), [114][115][116] see (Scheme 3).…”

“…[1] it is used in the treatment of many diseases including over-the-counter cough/cold, and painrelieving medications. [2] Coffee as a drink and its publicity in society warrant additional research. [3] Large-scale studies need to be conducted to affirm caffeine's possible effects on specific cognitive functions and working memory.…”