Greenhouse gas fluxes from turfgrass systems: Species, growth rate, clipping management, and environmental effects

Law, Quincy D.; Trappe, Jon M.; Braun, Ross C.; Patton, Aaron J.

doi:10.1002/jeq2.20222

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…This is especially likely for N 2 O which was produced in much lower quantities than the other two gases. Second, the grass species present at our field locations naturally emit greenhouse gases ( Zhang et al, 2013 ; Braun and Bremer, 2018 ; Law et al, 2021 ) in the absence of insects. These emissions likely increase background emission rates, and potentially obscure the ability to detect N 2 O emissions due to JB larvae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larvae of an invasive scarab increase greenhouse gas emissions from soils and recruit gut mycobiota involved in C and N transformations

et al. 2023

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BackgroundSoil-derived prokaryotic gut communities of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica Newman (JB) larval gut include heterotrophic, ammonia-oxidizing, and methanogenic microbes potentially capable of promoting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, no research has directly explored GHG emissions or the eukaryotic microbiota associated with the larval gut of this invasive species. In particular, fungi are frequently associated with the insect gut where they produce digestive enzymes and aid in nutrient acquisition. Using a series of laboratory and field experiments, this study aimed to (1) assess the impact of JB larvae on soil GHG emissions; (2) characterize gut mycobiota associated with these larvae; and (3) examine how soil biological and physicochemical characteristics influence variation in both GHG emissions and the composition of larval gut mycobiota.MethodsManipulative laboratory experiments consisted of microcosms containing increasing densities of JB larvae alone or in clean (uninfested) soil. Field experiments included 10 locations across Indiana and Wisconsin where gas samples from soils, as well as JB and their associated soil were collected to analyze soil GHG emissions, and mycobiota (ITS survey), respectively.ResultsIn laboratory trials, emission rates of CO2, CH4, and N2O from infested soil were ≥ 6.3× higher per larva than emissions from JB larvae alone whereas CO2 emission rates from soils previously infested by JB larvae were 1.3× higher than emissions from JB larvae alone. In the field, JB larval density was a significant predictor of CO2 emissions from infested soils, and both CO2 and CH4 emissions were higher in previously infested soils. We found that geographic location had the greatest influence on variation in larval gut mycobiota, although the effects of compartment (i.e., soil, midgut and hindgut) were also significant. There was substantial overlap in the composition and prevalence of the core fungal mycobiota across compartments with prominent fungal taxa being associated with cellulose degradation and prokaryotic methane production/consumption. Soil physicochemical characteristics such as organic matter, cation exchange capacity, sand, and water holding capacity, were also correlated with both soil GHG emission, and fungal a-diversity within the JB larval gut. Conclusions: Results indicate JB larvae promote GHG emissions from the soil directly through metabolic activities, and indirectly by creating soil conditions that favor GHG-associated microbial activity. Fungal communities associated with the JB larval gut are primarily influenced by adaptation to local soils, with many prominent members of that consortium potentially contributing to C and N transformations capable of influencing GHG emissions from infested soil.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larvae of an invasive scarab increase greenhouse gas emissions from soils and recruit gut mycobiota involved in C and N transformations

et al. 2023

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“…Since the grass clippings were left to decompose, N 2 O emissions from grass clippings were accounted for by the same emission factor. A previous report [24], also within an urban environment, showed that N 2 O emissions based on modeling data can range between 1.05 and 5.3 kg ha −1 year −1 when 5 to 100 kg of N fertilizers are applied. The report also highlighted that the decomposition of lawn clippings is a key source of N 2 O emissions.…”

Section: Simulation (What-if) Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

Managing the Turf of An Urban Golf Course: Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission

Ow¹,

Chan²

2021

AEER

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This study investigated energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission across various playing surfaces (e.g., greens, tees, fairways, and roughs) in an urban parkland golf course. The turfs of golf courses require frequent maintenance to ensure high aesthetic and play quality. Maintenance includes aeration, mowing, irrigation, and fertilization. The annual energy-based carbon footprint was found to be the highest for fairways, followed by greens, tees, and roughs. However, CO2 exchange in the grass was found to be the highest for roughs, followed by fairways and greens. The higher energy consumption in fairways might be attributed to intensive maintenance and its larger surface area. Higher values of CO2 exchange for roughs might be attributed to biomass as these areas of the course were mowed lesser than the other areas. The maintenance activities such as mowing, hollow tining, and irrigation were the most energy-demanding, while GHG emissions occurred primarily due to mowing, fertilizer application, grass clippings, and CO2 turfgrass exchange. Therefore, the strategies to minimize energy consumption and GHG emissions in golf courses include the use of electric-powered equipment and a reduction in the frequency of energy-demanding maintenance activities, including those that emit large quantities of CO2. Planting more shrubs and trees along the golf course might offset the emissions and thus, turn golf courses into a carbon sink for GHG emissions. However, sustaining a low carbon footprint is not always simple for golf courses as the expectations of golfers for aesthetics and play quality might need to be prioritized against environmental concerns.

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“…Law et al. (2021) reported neither growth rates within both species of tall fescue [ Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ; syn.…”

Section: Greenhouse Gas and Energy Emissions And Sequestrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.), nor grass clipping management influenced N 2 O fluxes. Moreover, different management practices, specifically N fertilization rates specific to cool‐season (C 3 ) and warm‐season (C 4 ) turfgrass species had a significant impact on N 2 O fluxes (Law et al., 2021).…”

Section: Greenhouse Gas and Energy Emissions And Sequestrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methane is also intensely‐studied GHG (IPCC, 2014); however, compared to N 2 O, soil CH 4 emissions have been less studied in turfgrass systems (Groffmann & Pouyat, 2009; Kaye et al., 2004; Law et al., 2021; Livesley et al., 2010; McPhillips et al., 2016; Riches et al., 2020). Of the total anthropogenic GHG emissions per year (CO 2 e year −1 ), 16% comes from CH 4 (IPCC, 2014).…”

Section: Greenhouse Gas and Energy Emissions And Sequestrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies for reducing inputs and emissions in turfgrass systems

Braun

Straw

Soldat

et al. 2023

Crop Forage & Turfgrass Mgmt

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Turfgrass systems (e.g., home lawns, commercial properties, golf courses, athletic fields, roadsides, sod farms, parks, and other green spaces) in the US employ 820,000 individuals, have a $60 billion economic impact, and cover nearly 2% (∼63,250 mi2; 163,800 km2) of the US. Turfgrass systems provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, oxygen production, water and air purification, improved soil health, pollinator habitat, and evaporative cooling. Associated disservices with turfgrass systems include nutrient and pesticide leaching, greenhouse gas and particulate matter emissions, low plant diversity, and site‐specific, high water consumption. The goal of recent research efforts is to maximize the services and minimize the disservices by focusing on sustainability initiatives to develop best management practices such reducing management inputs (e.g., mowing, irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides), incorporating pollinator‐friendly spaces, adopting new technologies, quantitatively assessing ecosystem services provided, minimizing energy inputs and greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing carbon sequestration. This part‐review, part‐management guide summarizes these efforts, identifies knowledge gaps, and outlines how turfgrass systems can adapt to and mitigate climate change.

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Greenhouse gas fluxes from turfgrass systems: Species, growth rate, clipping management, and environmental effects

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

Larvae of an invasive scarab increase greenhouse gas emissions from soils and recruit gut mycobiota involved in C and N transformations

Larvae of an invasive scarab increase greenhouse gas emissions from soils and recruit gut mycobiota involved in C and N transformations

Managing the Turf of An Urban Golf Course: Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission

Strategies for reducing inputs and emissions in turfgrass systems

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