Greenhouse gas emissions from key infrastructure sectors in larger and smaller Chinese cities: method development and benchmarking

Tong, Kangkang; Fang, Andrew; Boyer, Dana; Hu, Yuanchao; Cui, Shenghui; Shi, Lei; Kalmykova, Yuliya; Ramaswami, A.

doi:10.1080/17583004.2016.1165354

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, China's growth is disproportionate. In the urban water market, there is inequality among different types of cities (Tong et al, 2016). Generally speaking, smaller and less affluent cities have lower levels of wastewater treatment and water supply coverage.…”

Section: A Systems Perspective Of Ghgs Associated With Urban Water Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse gas emissions associated with urban water infrastructure: What we have learnt from China's practice

Zhang

Smith²,

Zhao

et al. 2021

WIREs Water

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Municipal water and wastewater services have complicated sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and quantifying their roles is critical for tackling global environmental challenges. In this study we provide a systematic review of the state‐of‐the‐art on GHG emission characterizations of China's urban water infrastructure with the aim of shedding light on global implications for sustainable development. We started by synthesizing a framework on GHG emissions associated with water and wastewater infrastructure. Then we analyzed the different sources of GHG emissions in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems. In drinking water services, electricity consumption is the largest source of GHG emissions. A particular concern in China is the common use of secondary pumping for high‐rise buildings. Optimized pressure management with an efficient pumping system should be prioritized. In wastewater services, non‐CO2 emissions such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are substantial, but vary greatly depending on regional and technological differences. Further research directions may include GHG inventory development for urban water systems at the plant level, quantifications of GHG emissions from sewer systems, emission reduction measures via water reclamation, renewable energy recovery, energy efficiency improvement, cost–benefit analyses, and characterizations of Scope 3 emissions. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change Engineering Water > Planning Water

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Section: A Systems Perspective Of Ghgs Associated With Urban Water Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse gas emissions associated with urban water infrastructure: What we have learnt from China's practice

Zhang

Smith²,

Zhao

et al. 2021

WIREs Water

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“…First, Ramaswami et al (2008), presented one of the first studies in which the GHG inventory method hybrid LCA was adopted: a combination of direct emissions estimated through ICLE's Clean Air Climate Protection (CACP) software (CACP, 2009) and indirect emissions estimated through LCA model and material flow accounts (MFA) consistent with Scope 3 of the GHG Protocol (WRI, 2004). Ramaswami also co-authored three other studies (Hillman and Ramaswami, 2010;Kennedy et al, 2010;Tong et al, 2016). In all 4 articles, the UCF label is LCB and predominantly bottom-up approach.…”

Section: Overview Of the Selected Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the years, the hybrid LCA method proposed by Ramaswami et al (2008) has been in constant evolution. Several accounting methods for footprints have been developed including the Communitywide Infrastructure footprint (CIF) adopted by Tong et al (2016) in Chinese cities.…”

Section: Overview Of the Selected Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of city-scale GHG emissions inventory methods: A systematic review

Arioli

D’Agosto

Amaral

et al. 2020

Environmental Impact Assessment Review

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The capacity of cities to act on climate change mitigation is essential to fulfil the Paris Agreement target. In order to do so, cities should establish an effective climate policy which requires, as a first step, a complete greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory. The accurate city-scale GHG inventory enables cities to develop, implement and track climate solution measures, mainly those related to transportation. The compilation of a city-scale GHG inventory requires a standardized method and up-to-date activity data. This systematic review critically examines 40 articles over the past 20 years to (1) identify city-scale GHG inventory methods being applied worldwide, (2) evaluate how these methods are evolving, (3) elaborate how emissions from transport sector are being estimated, and ( 4) determine what data types and sources of transport-related data are being used. The review was limited to articles that addressed the process of compilation of a GHG inventory. The results demonstrate that city-scale GHG inventory methods evolved from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines to a variety of GHG accounting methods that offer levels of complexity to estimate city-scale emissions. Although GHG inventory methods for city-scale have advanced over the years, almost one third of the articles reviewed were focused on the proposal of a GHG inventory framework, adjusting current methods to each city's reality or proposing new ones. The majority of the cities analysed lack local transport-related data to measure GHG emissions based on the bottom-up approach. Yet, more than 40% of the articles managed to deliver the bottom-up inventory using a diversity of data types and sources. This review shows that there is still a path to achieve a globally compatible method. This would require a joint effort between researchers and city authorities to make international protocols more compliant to each city's data availability along with the improvement of cities data collection.

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“…In 2016, the majority of researchers evaluated the significance of infrastructure development projects within the developing nations of the Asian subcontinent critically and came to the conclusion that low carbon infrastructure effectively builds resilience in both developing and developed nations because it produces fewer carbon emissions than traditional infrastructure. They assert that the state's greenhouse gas emissions will be successfully reduced by the low carbon infrastructure (Jain & Tiwari, 2016;Oei & Mendelevitch, 2016;Tong et al, 2016). The other researchers investigated how investments in infrastructure affected industrial carbon dioxide emissions inside the state and came to the conclusion that if countries use green technology in the construction of their infrastructure, carbon dioxide emissions may be decreased.…”

Section: Infrastructure and Co 2 Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving a step closer towards environmental sustainability in Asian countries: focusing on real income, urbanization, transport infrastructure, and research and development

Abu-Rumman

Shraah

et al. 2022

Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja

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Environmental pollution has become the matter of concern all over the world with the increase in urbanization, transport, industrialization and several other factors. The researcher has therefore designed this study to investigate the impact of urbanization, research and development R&D expenditure, infrastructure development and real income on the emission of carbon dioxide in Asian countries. The data collection process involved six Asian countries from 1997 and ending 2019. The panel data estimation and analysis tools and techniques were applied on the collected data and the results were obtained. The results of regression estimation suggest that as per MG estimator, all the variables have significant and positive impact on CO 2 emission but infrastructure development has insignificant impact. In case of FMOLS, again all the variables have significant and positive impact on CO 2 emission but infrastructure development has insignificant impact. However, in case of DOLS, all the variables have shown significant impact on CO 2 emission. In the last, DK estimator indicates that urbanization, real income and population density have significant and positive impact on CO 2 emission but R&D expenditure and infrastructure development has insignificant impact. In this way, the impacts of all independent and control variables on CO 2 emission were estimated.

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Greenhouse gas emissions from key infrastructure sectors in larger and smaller Chinese cities: method development and benchmarking

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Greenhouse gas emissions associated with urban water infrastructure: What we have learnt from China's practice

Greenhouse gas emissions associated with urban water infrastructure: What we have learnt from China's practice

The evolution of city-scale GHG emissions inventory methods: A systematic review

Moving a step closer towards environmental sustainability in Asian countries: focusing on real income, urbanization, transport infrastructure, and research and development

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