Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Blue Water Use of Dutch Diets and Its Association with Health

Vellinga, Reina E; Kamp, Mirjam E. van de; Ib, Toxopeus; Rossum, Ctm van; Valk, Elias de; Biesbroek, Sander; Hollander, Anne; Temme, Ehm

doi:10.3390/su11216027

Cited by 37 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…The addition of data on biodiversity loss will improve completeness of the impact of the diet on the environment. As GHGE is highly correlated (rho > 0.7) with acidification, fresh water eutrophication, marine eutrophication, and land use, a wide range of environmental impact indicators is indirectly taken into account in this study [ 23 ]. Another limitation is the large amount of non-consumers and the possible misreporting of the self-reported recalls [ 36 , 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remaining food products (29%) are based on extrapolated data. However, due to the extrapolations, our LCA data are complete [ 23 ]. Besides, LCAs are the best estimates available for environmental impact of foods, though they always include uncertainties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blonk Consultants provided Life Cycle Inventories to estimate environmental impact of a product [ 22 ]. Vellinga et al (2019) provided a more extensive description of definitions of GHGE and blue water use and of the usage of LCA in the DNFCS [ 23 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns That Fit within Current Dutch Food Habits Be Identified?

et al. 2021

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This study investigated major healthy and sustainable dietary patterns in the Dutch population. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were collected in 2078 participants aged 19–79 years in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016. Dietary patterns were identified using reduced rank regression. Predictor variables were food groups and response variables were Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) score, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), and blue water use. Three patterns were discovered, including a “high fruit and vegetable dietary pattern”, a “low meat dietary pattern”, and a “high dairy, low fruit juices dietary pattern”. Diets in the highest quartile of these patterns had higher DHD15-index score than the average population. However, diets of the “high fruit and vegetable dietary pattern” were associated with higher dietary GHGE (14%) and blue water use (69.2%) compared to the average population. Diets of the “low meat dietary pattern” were associated with lower GHGE (19.6%) and higher blue water use (7.7%). Concluding, the “low meat dietary pattern” was the most healthy and sustainable dietary pattern in this population. The addition of blue water use as an environmental impact indicator shows the difficulty of finding existing dietary patterns that have low environmental impact in all determinants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns That Fit within Current Dutch Food Habits Be Identified?

et al. 2021

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“…Overconsumption of foods and beverages inflates dietary GHGE as well [24]. Some of the foods, such as sugar-sweetened beverages, may have a low environmental pressure per kg, but combined with a high consumption it contributes significantly to daily GHGE [25] and adverse effects on public health [14]. Figure 1 depicts major food and beverage sources for intakes of saturated fatty acids (meat, dairy, snacks), sodium (bread, mixed dishes, meat), added sugar (beverages and sweets and snacks) (adapted from [26,27]), and for GHGE (meat, dairy, beverages) (adapted from [28]).…”

Section: The Need For Policies Addressing Health and Environmental Sumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GHGE are strongly associated with other environmental indicators such as land use, eutrophication [30], and losses of reactive nitrogen [10]. In particular, most environmental impacts are relatively low for plant-based foods as compared to animal-source food [10,19,30], with the exception of blue water use [25]; we therefore consider GHGE as a proxy for wider environmental pressures.…”

Section: Study Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demand-Side Food Policies for Public and Planetary Health

et al. 2020

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Background: The current food system has major consequences for the environment and for human health. Alignment of the food policy areas of mitigating climate change and public health will ensure coherent and effective policy interventions for sustaining human health and the environment. This paper explores literature on demand-side policies that aim to reduce consumption of animal-based foods, increase plant-based foods, and reduce overconsumption. Methods: We searched for publications, published between January 2000 and December 2019, considering the above policy domains. Articles were distinguished for type of policy instrument, for topic via keywords and examples were given. Results: The majority of demand-side policies focus on preventing overweight and obesity, using all types of policy instruments including more forceful market-based policies. Hardly any examples of public policies explicitly aiming to lower animal-based foods consumption were found. Policies combining health and sustainability objectives are few and mainly of the information type. Discussion: Moving towards environmentally sustainable and healthy diets is challenging as the implemented demand-side policies focus largely on human health, and not yet on environmental outcomes, or on win-wins. Policies targeting foods from the health perspective can contribute to lower environmental impacts, by indicating suitable animal-based food replacers, and aiming at avoiding overconsumption of energy dense-nutrient poor foods. Preferred policies include a variety of instruments, including strong measures. Conclusions: Working solutions are available to ensure coherent and effective demand side food policies aligning public health and environmental aims. Implementation of aligned and effective policy packages is urgent and needed.

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Effect of personalized dietary advice to increase protein intake on food consumption and the environmental impact of the diet in community-dwelling older adults: results from the PROMISS trial

et al. 2022

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Purpose Diet modelling studies suggest that increasing protein intake with no consideration for sustainability results in a higher environmental impact on the diet. To better understand the impact in real life, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary advice to increase protein intake on food consumption and the environmental impact of the diet in community-dwelling older adults. Methods Food consumption and environmental impact were analyzed among 124 Dutch older adults with lower habitual protein intake (< 1.0 g/kg adjusted body weight/day) participating in the six-month PROMISS trial. Dietary intake data from three 24-h dietary recalls, aided by food diaries, and results from life cycle assessments were used to examine the differences in changes in food consumption and environmental impact between those who received dietary advice to isocalorically increase protein intake to ≥ 1.2 g/kg aBW/d (Protein + ; n = 84) and those who did not receive dietary advice (Control; n = 40). Results Compared to the Control, Protein + increased protein intake from animal-based food products (11.0 g protein/d, 95% CI 6.6–15.4, p < 0.001), plant-based food products (2.1 g protein/d, 95% CI 0.2–4.0, p = 0.031) and protein-enriched food products provided during the trial (18 g protein/d, 95% CI 14.5–21.6, p < 0.001) at the 6-month follow-up. Diet-associated greenhouse gas emissions increased by 16% (p < 0.001), land use by 19% (p < 0.001), terrestrial acidification by 20% (p = 0.01), and marine eutrophication by 16% (p = 0.035) in Protein + compared to the Control. Conclusion This study found that dietary advice increased protein intake, favoring animal-based protein, and increased the environmental impact of the diet in older adults. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03712306. October 2018.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Blue Water Use of Dutch Diets and Its Association with Health

Cited by 37 publications

References 39 publications

Can Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns That Fit within Current Dutch Food Habits Be Identified?

Can Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns That Fit within Current Dutch Food Habits Be Identified?

Demand-Side Food Policies for Public and Planetary Health

Effect of personalized dietary advice to increase protein intake on food consumption and the environmental impact of the diet in community-dwelling older adults: results from the PROMISS trial

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