Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Biotypes: Selected by Resistant Cultivars or Preadapted Opportunists?

Porter, D. R.; Burd, John D.; Shufran, Kevin A.; Webster, James; Teetes, G. L.

doi:10.1093/jee/90.5.1055

Cited by 140 publications

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“…The greenbug (Schizaphis graminum) has been a serious aphid pest on small grains in North America since its introduction over a century ago (Porter et al, 1997). Like many other aphids, greenbug inserts its stylet into phloem sieve elements and consumes phloem sap as its food source (Miles, 1999;Burd, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Like many other aphids, greenbug inserts its stylet into phloem sieve elements and consumes phloem sap as its food source (Miles, 1999;Burd, 2002). It initially causes red or necrotic spots on crops such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), ultimately followed by general necrosis and plant death (Porter et al, 1997;Miles, 1999). The use of resistant hybrids has been the major integrated pest management strategy for managing greenbug on sorghum, however, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms of this resistance.…”

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Transcriptional Regulation of Sorghum Defense Determinants against a Phloem-Feeding Aphid

et al. 2004

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When attacked by a phloem-feeding greenbug aphid (Schizaphis graminum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) activates jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated genes, as well as genes outside known wounding and SA signaling pathways. A collection of 672 cDNAs was obtained by differential subtraction with cDNAs prepared from sorghum seedlings infested by greenbug aphids and those from uninfested seedlings. Subsequent expression profiling using DNA microarray and northern-blot analyses identified 82 transcript types from this collection responsive to greenbug feeding, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), or SA application. DNA sequencing analyses indicated that these encoded proteins functioning in direct defense, defense signaling, oxidative burst, secondary metabolism, abiotic stress, cell maintenance, and photosynthesis, as well as proteins of unknown function. In response to insect feeding, sorghum increased transcript abundance of numerous defense genes, with some SA-dependent pathogenesis-related genes responding to greenbug more strongly than to SA. In contrast, only weak induction of MeJA-regulated defense genes was observed after greenbug treatment. However, infestation tests confirmed that JA-regulated pathways were effective in plant defense against greenbugs. Activation of certain transcripts exclusively by greenbug infestation was observed, and may represent unique signal transduction events independent of JA- and SA-regulated pathways. Results indicate that plants coordinately regulate defense gene expression when attacked by phloem-feeding aphids, but also suggest that aphids are able to avoid triggering activation of some otherwise potentially effective plant defensive machinery, possibly through their particular mode of feeding.

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Transcriptional Regulation of Sorghum Defense Determinants against a Phloem-Feeding Aphid

et al. 2004

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“…Efforts to deploy resistance to S. graminum in wheat were made since the 1950's (Porter et al 1997;Berzonsky et al 2003) and this has led to the identification of several resistance genes. Currently there are 14 major genes for resistance to S. graminum in wheat that have been identified (McIntosh et al 2010;Crespo-Herrera 2012).…”

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Mapping resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid and the greenbug in wheat using sequence-based genotyping

et al. 2014

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“…In 1990, Ϸ40 Ð50% of sorghum acreage was planted to biotype E-resistant sorghum hybrids (Porter et al 1997). Generally, after deploying resistant hybrids, new greenbug biotypes have occurred.…”

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“…Generally, after deploying resistant hybrids, new greenbug biotypes have occurred. However, no clear cause-and-effect relationship between resistant sorghum hybrids and greenbug biotype development was determined (Porter et al 1997). Biotype E, I, and K greenbugs virulent to resistant sorghum hybrids have occurred since biotype C was discovered on sorghum in 1968 (Porter et al 1982;Harvey et al 1991Harvey et al , 1997.…”

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Tritrophic Interaction of Parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae), and Greenbug-Resistant Sorghum Hybrids

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et al. 2005

Journal of Economic Entomology

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Interactions of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) and the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), on greenbug-resistant ÔCargill 607EÕ (antibiosis), ÔCargill 797Õ (primarily tolerance), and -susceptible ÔGolden Harvest 510BÕ sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, were tested using three levels of biotype I greenbug infestation. The parasitoid infestation rate was 0.5 female and 1.0 male L. testaceipes per plant. For all three greenbug infestation levels, the parasitoid brought the greenbug under control (i.e., prevented the greenbugs from killing the plants) on both resistant hybrids, but it did not prevent heavy leaf damage at the higher greenbug infestation rates. At the low greenbug infestation rate (50 greenbugs per resistant plant when parasitoids were introduced), greenbugs damaged 5 and 18% of the total leaf area on ÔCargill 797Õ and ÔCargill 607EÕ, respectively, before greenbugs were eliminated. Leaf damage was higher for the intermediate infestation study (120 greenbugs per plant), 21% and 30% leaf area were damaged on the resistant sorghum hybrids ÔCargill 797Õ and ÔCargill 607EÕ, respectively. At the high greenbug infestation rate (300 greenbugs per plant), heavy damage occurred: 61% on ÔCargill 607EÕ and 75% on ÔCargill 797Õ. The parasitoids did not control greenbugs on the susceptible sorghum hybrid ÔGolden Harvest 510BÕ. L. testaceipes provided comparable control on both greenbug-resistant hybrids. This study supports previous studies indicating that L. testaceipes is effective in controlling greenbugs on sorghum with antibiosis resistance to greenbugs. Furthermore, new information is provided indicating that L. testaceipes is also effective in controlling greenbugs on a greenbug-tolerant hybrid.KEY WORDS parasitoid, resistance, biological control, antibiosis and tolerant sorghum hybrids THE PARASITOID Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) has been identiÞed as one of the most important natural enemies of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), in the United States (Hunter 1909, Webster and Phillips 1912, Wadley 1931, Sekhar 1957, Schlinger and Hall 1960, Knipling and Gilmore 1971, Hight et al. 1972. L. testaceipes is often men

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Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Biotypes: Selected by Resistant Cultivars or Preadapted Opportunists?

Cited by 140 publications

References 0 publications

Transcriptional Regulation of Sorghum Defense Determinants against a Phloem-Feeding Aphid

Transcriptional Regulation of Sorghum Defense Determinants against a Phloem-Feeding Aphid

Mapping resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid and the greenbug in wheat using sequence-based genotyping

Tritrophic Interaction of Parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae), and Greenbug-Resistant Sorghum Hybrids

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