Green Wireless Networks for Iraq: Transitioning Wireless Base Stations to Renewable Energy

Abstract

Iraqi wireless service providers rely heavily on fossil fuels to power their base stations (BSs), contributing to the country's environmental footprint. By adopting renewable energy, Iraqi Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) can benefit both the environment and the long-term viability of the telecommunications sector. This study serves as a review to analyze the potential benefits, challenges, and real-world implementation of renewable energy-based solutions for powering wireless BSs In Iraq, with a focus on solar, wind, biomass, and other indirect renewable energy sources (RESs). This study reviews the potential and challenges of renewable energy for powering Iraqi wireless BSs. A comprehensive search of various databases and sources identified relevant research focusing on the wireless BSs. Data on implementation, benefits, and challenges have been extracted and presented. We found that transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy reduces environmental impact and enhances sustainability. While infrastructure, investment limitations, and clear policies pose challenges, the potential for cleaner energy, energy security, and economic opportunities makes RESs a viable solution. The results emphasize the superiority of hybrid systems combining different RESs and its benefits. As a result, this study finds RESs a promising path for Iraq's wireless service providers, promoting environmental sustainability and economic viability.