Green Technologies for Biomass Upgrading and Relevant Processes

Efficient Production of Biodiesel from Esterification of Lauric Acid Catalyzed by Ammonium and Silver Co-Doped Phosphotungstic Acid Embedded in a Zirconium Metal–Organic Framework Nanocomposite

“…Nowadays, with the inadequacy of fossil oil resources, the increasing price of energy imports, and rising environmental concerns, − biodiesel has gained increasing attention as a potential renewable alternative to fossil diesel, which can be obtained by the esterification/transesterification of free fatty acids (FFAs), vegetable oils (edible and non-edible oil), animal fats, algal oils, or waste oils with alcohols in the presence of an acid/basic catalyst . In an industrial biodiesel production process, homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid are typically employed to catalyze the esterification/transesterification reaction owing to their high activity and low cost .…”