Green Synthesized Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Increased Oxidative Stress and Induced Cell Death in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells

Abstract

The research investigated the effect of gold (Au-CM) and silver nanoparticles (Ag-CM) phytoreduced with Cornus mas fruit extract (CM) on a human colorectal adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cell line. The impact of nanoparticles on the viability of DLD-1 tumor cells and normal cells was evaluated. Oxidative stress and cell death mechanisms (annexin/propidium iodide analysis, caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels, p53, BCL-2, BAX, NFkB expressions) as well as proliferation markers (Ki-67, PCNA and MAPK) were evaluated in tumor cells. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by measuring zeta potential, hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analyses were also performed. The nanoparticles induced apoptosis and necrosis of DLD-1 cells and reduced cell proliferation, especially Ag-CM, while on normal cells, both nanoparticles maintained their viability up to 80%. Ag-CM and Au-CM increased the expressions of p53 and NFkB in parallel with the downregulation of BCL-2 protein and induced the activation of caspase-8, suggesting the involvement of apoptosis in cell death. Lipid peroxidation triggered by Ag-CM was correlated with tumor cell necrosis rate. Both nanoparticles obtained with phytocompounds from the CM extract protected normal cells and induced the death of DLD-1 tumor cells, especially by apoptosis.

Hybrid Material Based on Vaccinium myrtillus L. Extract and Gold Nanoparticles Reduces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Hepatic Stellate Cells Exposed to TGF-β

“…In EDX analysis, the presence of gold nanoparticles was confirmed, as seen in Figure 3 b. The spectra were obtained using an Oxford Instrument windowless detector and AZtec Software, as previously published [ 24 ]. The samples were prepared by dropping a few μL of diluted ethanol suspension of the sample on the copper grid ( Figure 3 b).…”

“…Moreover, their hydrodynamic diameter and their zeta potential were measured (using a Zetasizer Nano ZS-90 instrument, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed, as previously published [ 24 ], using a Smart Lab Rigaku diffractometer with a graphite monochromator with Cu-Ka radiation (k ¼ 1:54 Å); X-ray source: Anode Cu, 9 kW at room temperature. Additionally, the morphology of NPCS was investigated by Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) (HITACHI HD-2700, Cold field emission electron beam accelerated at 200 kV and 10 μA, Magnification 100×–10,000,000×).…”

“…using an Oxford Instrument windowless detector and AZtec Software, as previou lished [24]. The samples were prepared by dropping a few µL of diluted ethanol sion of the sample on the copper grid (Figure 3b).…”

Investigation of Epilobium hirsutum L. Optimized Extract’s Anti-Inflammatory and Antitumor Potential

“…Apoptosis may be triggered extrinsically by the activation of the Fas receptor, or intrinsically through a process modulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins [ 87 ]. BAX also constitutes a modulator of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, leading to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization.…”

“…The decreased levels of BLC-2, BAX, as well as Caspase-9 in ascites fluid samples following the three therapeutic approaches, may signify the cessation of the apoptosis process. The activation of caspase-9 causes the cleaving and activation of caspase-3, leading once again to cellular death [ 87 ]. The decreased levels of caspase-3 (although lacking statistical significance) were also suggestive of the lowered apoptosis rate.…”