“…Among these methods, photocatalysis is a powerful technique for environmental detoxification and has emerged as a promising solution due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness [12,13]. Various metal oxides, such as TiO 2 [14], ZnO [15], CuO [16], WO 3 [17], Fe 2 O 3 [18], and SrTiO 3 [19], are known for their ability to efficiently photocatalyze organic compounds and effectively inactivate bacteria via photocatalytic chemical reactions. Zinc oxide (ZnO), a group II-VI semiconductor material, is often considered one of the most promising photocatalytic agents due to its nontoxic nature and physical stability [20].…”