Green Synthesis of Veratraldehyde Using Potassium Promoted Lanthanum–Magnesium Mixed Oxide Catalyst

Abstract

Veratraldehyde is an important chemical used in perfumery, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Current processes of manufacture of veratraldehyde use homogeneous catalysts, which make them highly polluting, creating problems of disposal of effluents and product purity. In the current work, veratraldehyde was synthesized from O-alkylation of vanillin with an environmentally benign reagent, dimethyl carbonate. A series of potassium loaded La2O3–MgO were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method, and their performance was evaluated vis-à-vis MgO, La2O3, La2O3–MgO, and a series of 1–4 wt % K/La2O3–MgO. All catalysts were characterized by different techniques, such as N2 adsorption/desorption, XRD, TGA-DSC, FT-IR, CO2-TPD, and SEM techniques. The effect of different loadings (1–4 wt %) of potassium on La2O3–MgO was studied, among which 2 wt % K/La2O3–MgO showed the best activity and selectivity due to high dispersion of potassium and high basicity in comparison with the rest. The activity of 2 wt % K/La2O3–MgO in O-methylation of vanillin with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was closely associated with basicity. Various parameters were studied to achieve the maximum yield of the desired product. The maximum conversion was found with catalyst loading of 0.03 g/cm3 and mole ratio of vanillin and DMC of 1:15 at 160 °C in 2 h. The reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics for the O-methylation of vanillin. The energy of activation was found to be 13.5 kcal/mol. Scale-up was done using the kinetic model to observe that the process could be scaled up using the process parameters. The overall process is clean and green.

Selectivity Engineering in One-Pot Selective Synthesis of Drug Nabumetone over Novel Ni-Promoted La-Mg Oxide/Mesoporous Cellular Foam as Catalyst and Kinetic Modeling

“…The adsorption band at 3610 cm –1 shows the existence of −OH species of adsorbed H 2 O molecules. The characteristic bands at 1464 and 1511 cm –1 are due to carbonate species . The characteristic MCF broad stretching and bending bands of Si–O–Si were observed at 1082 and 810 cm –1 , (Figure , b–i).…”

“…The characteristic bands at 1464 and 1511 cm −1 are due to carbonate species. 32 The characteristic MCF broad stretching and bending bands of Si−O−Si were observed at 1082 and 810 cm −133,34 (Figure 6, b−i). MCF shows a band at 970 cm −1 (Figure 6A) for the Si−OH linkage.…”

Veratraldehyde as a food additive produced by the marine isolate Streptomyces diastaticus LC360811

“…It has several pharmacological activities like antibacterial, antifungal and anti-stress properties (Kim et al, 2014;Prashant et al, 2014). Moreover, it is used in perfume manufacturing, food preservative and flavoring agent in food industries (Molleti & Yadav, 2017) and are recorded as nonmutagenic compounds, non-carcinogenic and generally regarded as safe food additives (Braga et al, 2018).…”

Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation of Veratraldehyde and Its Metabolite Veratric Acid in Rat Plasma: An Application for a Pharmacokinetic Study

“…VD has the vanilla-like and woody savor, so it is widely used as a valuable flavoring and fragrance ingredient [ 2 , 3 ]. In the field of chemistry, the synthesis method of VD has been comprehensively studied and there are many attempts at a catalytic green process, which is an eco-friendly catalytic process, in order to acquire the highest yield [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Furthermore, VD is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as the intermediate for organic synthesis [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”