Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Zingiber officinale and Thymus vulgaris extracts: characterisation, cell cytotoxicity, and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans in comparison to fluconazole

Abstract

Fluconazole (FLZ) application as a highly successful commercial antifungal azole agent to treat the fungal infections is limited due to emergence of FLZ-resistant candida. In this study, the potential of green synthesised silver nanoparticles (NPs) as an antifungal agent against Candida albicans fungal pathogen is investigated. The extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) plays as reducing agent, capping agent and antifungal agent. The UV-visible spectroscopy shows the peak of surface plasmon resonance of synthesised Ag NPs after a period of time. The synthesised Ag NPs are spherical, with average sizes of 12 and 18 nm based on ginger and thyme extract, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the adsorption of the plant extract on the surface of the as-prepared Ag NPs. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method against Candida albicans, the antifungal activity of as-prepared green synthesised Ag NPs shows higher inhibitory in comparison to FLZ. Finally, the Ag NPs synthesised via thyme extract shows no cytotoxicity with concentration below 3.5 ppm, which can be considered as an appropriate candidate instead of FLZ to treat the superficial fungal infections.

Hydrothermal Assisted Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles And Their Anticandidal Activity On Virulent Candida Isolates From COVID-19 Patients

“…In the current study, Thymus vulgaris derived silver nanoparticles showed a signi cant antifungal effect with a decrease in the number of resistant isolates than known antifungal uconazole, miconazole, nystatin, clotrimazole and ucytosine (P-value <0.05). This nding was in line with Mohammadi, M., et al, 2019, who found that Ag NPs manufactured from thyme extract have no cytotoxicity at concentrations below 3.5 ppm, making them a viable alternative to Fluconazole for treating super cial fungal infections [47].…”

Antifungal, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Aqueous Extracts of Mace-Arils of Myristica fragrans

“…An aqueous leaf extract of Chenopodium album yielded NPs with quasi-spherical shapes and sizes ranging from 10 to 30 nm [21]. According to a previous study, AgNPs synthesized from extracts of thyme leaves and ginger rhizomes exhibited strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans, when compared with the standard antifungal fluconazole [22]. Silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized from seed and fruit extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam [18], Cuscuta japonica [23], Illicium verum [24], Trigonella foenum-graecum L [25], and Emblica officinalis [26].…”

Efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles via ginger rhizome extract against Leishmania major in vitro

“…In this study, extracts and silver nanoparticles prepared according to reported investigation on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles [ 19 ]. In this regard, in the first step, ginger rhizome was washed by deionized (DI) water, followed by slicing to the fine pieces, after which exposed to a shadow at 27°C for four days to become completely dry.…”

“…major [ 17 , 18 ]. Moreover, some of the plants extracts like Aloe-emodin, Artemisinin, Thymus migricus and Tussilago farfara were used to remedy leishmania parasite [ 19 – 21 ]. The previous researches have been shown that Silver nanoparticles have antileishmanial effects [ 22 – 25 ].…”