Green synthesis of multifunctional silver and gold nanoparticles from the oriental herbal adaptogen: Siberian ginseng

Abstract

Pharmacologically active stem of the oriental herbal adaptogen, Siberian ginseng, was employed for the ecofriendly synthesis of Siberian ginseng silver nanoparticles (Sg-AgNPs) and Siberian ginseng gold nanoparticles (Sg-AuNPs). First, for metabolic characterization of the sample, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (indicated the presence of eleutherosides A and E), total phenol content, and total reducing sugar were analyzed. Second, the water extract of the sample mediated the biological synthesis of both Sg-AgNPs and Sg-AuNPs that were crystalline face-centered cubical structures with a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 126 and 189 nm, respectively. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that proteins and aromatic hydrocarbons play a key role in the formation and stabilization of Sg-AgNPs, whereas phenolic compounds accounted for the synthesis and stability of Sg-AuNPs. 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay determined that Sg-AgNPs conferred strong cytotoxicity against MCF7 (human breast cancer cell line) and was only slightly toxic to HaCaT (human keratinocyte cell line) at 10 µg⋅mL −1 . However, Sg-AuNPs did not display cytotoxic effects against both of the cell lines. The disc diffusion assay indicated a dose-dependent increase in the zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Bacillus anthracis (NCTC 10340), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 33844), and Escherichia coli (BL21) treated with Sg-AgNPs, whereas Sg-AuNPs did not show inhibitory activity. In addition, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay demonstrated that both Sg-AgNPs and Sg-AuNPs possess strong antioxidant activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report unraveling the potential of Eleutherococcus senticosus for silver and gold nanoparticle synthesis along with its biological applications, which in turn would promote widespread usage of the endemic Siberian ginseng.

Зелений Синтез Наночастинок Цинк Оксиду З Використанням Аюрведичних Трав Та Їх Антирадикальний Потенціал

“…Due to our knowledge, there is no data in regards to radical-scavenging activity of nZnO based on selected plants. Meanwhile, our results are in a good agreement with previous reports devoted to gold and silver nanoparticles [19,20,25]. In particular, it was estimated that DPPH radical-scavenging activity of gold nanoparticles obtained from S. monoica was 43% at 1 mg/mL [25].…”

“…To overcome these challenges, the popularity of 'green' chemistry technology is rapidly arising. The most useful in green synthesis of nanoparticles are plant, bacteria, fungi, enzymes and algae [19][20][21]. The biosynthetic nZnO provide numerous benefits of eco-friendliness and compatibility for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.…”

Citric juice-mediated synthesis of tellurium nanoparticles with antimicrobial and anticancer properties

“…Compared to traditional synthesis approaches, green nanoparticles are clean, inexpensive, and utilize ecofriendly and non-toxic materials and methods 31 . The biological routes for nanoparticle synthesis can be relatively easy and performed in ambient conditions 32 . Living organisms (such as bacteria 33 , fungi 34 and human cells 35 ) have shown the ability to reduce metallic ions to elemental nanoparticles.…”

Gold Nanoparticles Prepared with Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Can Induce Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Impairment with Inhibition of Autophagy in the Human Gastric Carcinoma Cell Line AGS

“…The XRD analysis also provides information on the space group, the crystallographic system, or the size of the crystallites. The peak pattern in the XRD image shows four peaks indexed to (111), ( 200), (220), and (311), and the highest peak corresponds to the (111) orientation (Figure 1I), indicating the gold lattice planes of Bragg's reflection [35]. In addition, four diffraction peaks, 38.333 • , 44.384 • , 64.917 • , and 77.537 • , at the 2θ values were identified.…”