Green Synthesis of Magnetite-Based Catalysts for Solar-Assisted Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation

Abstract

A novel synthesis method under green philosophy for the preparation of some magnetite-based catalysts (MBCs) is presented. The synthesis was carried out in aqueous media (i.e., absence of organic solvents) at room temperature with recovery of excess reactants. Terephthalic acid (H2BDC) was used to drive the synthesis route towards magnetite. Accordingly, bare magnetite (Fe3O4) and some hybrid magnetite-carbon composites were prepared (Fe3O4-G, Fe3O4-GO, and Fe3O4-AC). Graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), and activated carbon (AC) were used as starting carbon materials. The recovered H2BDC and the as-synthetized MBCs were fully characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SQUID magnetometry, TGA-DTA-MS, elemental analysis, and N2-adsorption-desorption isotherms. The recovered H2BDC was of purity high enough to be reused in the synthesis of MBCs. All the catalysts obtained presented the typical crystalline phase of magnetite nanoparticles, moderate surface area (63–337 m2 g−1), and magnetic properties that allowed their easy separation from aqueous media by an external magnet (magnetization saturation = 25–80 emu g−1). The MBCs were tested in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of an aqueous solution of metoprolol tartrate (MTP) under simulated solar radiation. The Fe3O4-AC materials showed the best catalytic performance among the prepared MBCs, with MTP and total organic carbon (TOC) removals higher than 90% and 20%, respectively, after 3 h of treatment. This catalyst was fairly successfully reused in nine consecutive runs, though minor loss of activity was observed, likely due to the accumulation of organic compounds on the porous structure of the activated carbon and/or partial oxidation of surface Fe2+ sites.

Experimental Investigation of Magnetorheological Behavior of Fe3O4@PVP@OA Ferrofluid for Potential Application in Gas Condensate Blockage Reduction

“…Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetry patterns of pure Fe 3 O 4 , Fe 3 O 4 @PVP and Fe 3 O 4 @PVP@OA nanoparticles are shown in Figure (a). According to the figure, the first stage of degradation observed up to 120 °C (by 2.5%) might be related to the evaporation of absorbed water and moisture content on the surfaces of particles, as observed in Figure (b) . The second weight loss takes place over the temperature ranging from 230 to 350 °C, where the hydroxyl groups (OH) on the surfaces of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles are dehydrated at a rate of 2.4%.…”

“…According to the figure, the first stage of degradation observed up to 120 °C (by 2.5%) might be related to the evaporation of absorbed water and moisture content on the surfaces of particles, as observed in Figure 13(b). 65 The second weight loss takes place over the temperature ranging from 230 to 350 °C, where the hydroxyl groups (OH) on the surfaces of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles are dehydrated at a rate of 2.4%. From 350 °C onward, the graph remains unchanged with no significant weight loss (0.5%).…”