Green Synthesis of Hydrogel-Based Adsorbent Material for the Effective Removal of Diclofenac Sodium from Wastewater

Abstract

The removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater has gained considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the advancements of hydrogel-based adsorbents as a green solution for their ease of use, ease of modification, biodegradability, non-toxicity, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. This study focuses on the design of an efficient adsorbent hydrogel based on 1% chitosan, 40% polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), and 4% xanthan gum (referred to as CPX) for the removal of diclofenac sodium (DCF) from water. The interaction between positively charged chitosan and negatively charged xanthan gum and PEG4000 leads to strengthening of the hydrogel structure. The obtained CPX hydrogel, prepared by a green, simple, easy, low-cost, and ecological method, has a higher viscosity due to the three-dimensional polymer network and mechanical stability. The physical, chemical, rheological, and pharmacotechnical parameters of the synthesized hydrogel were determined. Swelling analysis demonstrated that the new synthetized hydrogel is not pH-dependent. The obtained adsorbent hydrogel reached the adsorption capacity (172.41 mg/g) at the highest adsorbent amount (200 mg) after 350 min. In addition, the adsorption kinetics were calculated using a pseudo first-order model and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters. The results demonstrate that CPX hydrogel can be used as an efficient option to remove DCF as a pharmaceutical contaminant from wastewater.

Self-cleaning cellulose acetate/crystalline nanocellulose/polyvinylidene fluoride/Mg0.975Ni0.025SiO3 membrane for removal of diclofenac sodium and methylene blue dye in water

“…By swelling analysis demonstrated that the synthetized hydrogel is not dependent of pH. Results showed that the obtained hydrogel reached a adsorption capacity of 172.41 mg g −1 after 350 min [13].…”

Advanced Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials

“…Chitosan and its precursor chitin are bioavailable polymers that come from the shells or skeletons of marine and nonmarine organisms [75]. They have been studied and used in a very large range of biomedical and nanobiotechnology applications because they have advantageous properties, such as nontoxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability.…”

Chitosan Hydrogels for Water Purification Applications

“…Since, after 24 h, the results indicated a good adsorption capacity of the synthesized hydrogel, the tests were subsequently continued with the adsorption of diclofenac sodium (DS). This experiment will be described in Section 3.1.2 ( Figure 7 ) [ 97 ].…”

“…The experiments were made at different pH values (pH 3, pH 7, and pH 9). The results showed that the swelling degree after 4 h is 83%, independent of pH values, in the limit of experimental errors [ 97 ]. The hydrogel showed an adsorption capacity (172.41 mg/g) at the highest amount of the adsorbent (200 mg) after 350 min.…”

“…The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order model, while the adsorption mechanism was explained by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The synthesized hydrogel could be used as a promising, eco-friendly, and cost-effective adsorbent for the removal of DS from wastewater [ 97 ].…”