Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles for immune response regulation: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives

Abstract

Immune responses are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation. These responses are attributed to immune cells that produce cytokines, mediate cytotoxicity, and synthesize antibodies. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are novel agents that intervene with immune responses because of their unique physical‐chemical properties. In particular, GNPs enhance anti‐tumour activity during immunotherapy and eliminate excessive inflammation in autoimmune diseases. However, GNPs synthesized by conventional methods are toxic to living organisms. Green biosynthesis provides a safe and eco‐friendly method to obtain GNPs from microbes or plant extracts. In this review, we describe several patterns for green GNP biosynthesis. The applications of GNPs to target immune cells and modulate the immune response are summarized. In particular, we elaborate on how GNPs regulate innate immunity and adaptive immunity, including inflammatory signaling and immune cell differentiation. Finally, perspectives and challenges in utilizing green biosynthesized GNPs for novel therapeutic approaches are discussed.

Immunomodulatory and Antitumoral Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Red Algae Aqueous Extracts

“…Hence, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) with immunomodulatory effects synthesized using green methods is a novel and underexplored area of research with a great potential in immunotherapy [ 15 ]. Following the principles of the green chemistry, we aim to produce safer and more biocompatible NPs, reducing the use of hazardous chemicals and solvents, avoiding or reducing the generation of wastes, while using a mild condition, i.e., atmospheric pressure and room temperature, when possible [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Rhamnella gilgitica functionalized green synthesis of ZnONPs and their multiple therapeutic properties

“…As a safer and non‐toxic alternative, biological route via plant extracts is more appropriate than physical and chemical approaches (Ali, Khan, Iqbal, Batool, et al, 2021; Masum et al, 2019; Mittal et al, 2013). Previously, ZnONPs have been fabricated using a bulky list of medicinal plants (Iqbal, Abbasi, Ahmad, Batool, et al, 2019; Iqbal, Abbasi, Mahmood, Hameed, et al, 2019; Cai et al, 2021; Khalil, Ovais, et al, 2021; Santhoshkumar et al, 2017). However, there is no study in literature that highlight the synthesis of ZnONPs using Rhamnella gilgitica leaf extract.…”

Thermosensitive Hydrogel Incorporating Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Promotes Diabetic Wound Healing via ROS Scavenging and Mitochondrial Function Restoration

“…11 Consistently, ROS-targeting therapies have exhibited great promise in preclinical studies, yet traditional antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and Nacetylcysteine have failed to achieve clear efficacy in a clinical context, 12−14 with no antioxidant drugs being routinely used in clinical practice at present. In recent years, huge progress has been made in nanomaterials applied in almost all areas of medicine for therapeutic and diagnosis purposes, such as tumor, 15,16 ischemic stroke, 17,18 infectious disease, 19,20 autoimmune disease, 21,22 and impaired wound healing. 23 Nanozymes are small, enzymelike nanomaterials that exhibit many clinical advantages owing to their excellent stability, high levels of activity, good scalability, low costs, and ready applicability to use in caustic environments.…”

“…In recent years, huge progress has been made in nanomaterials applied in almost all areas of medicine for therapeutic and diagnosis purposes, such as tumor, , ischemic stroke, , infectious disease, , autoimmune disease, , and impaired wound healing . Nanozymes are small, enzyme-like nanomaterials that exhibit many clinical advantages owing to their excellent stability, high levels of activity, good scalability, low costs, and ready applicability to use in caustic environments .…”