Green synthesis of crystalline bismuth nanoparticles using lemon juice

Abstract

Lemon juice effectively served as a reducing and capping agent for an easy, cost-effective, and green synthesis of crystalline bismuth nanoparticles (BiNPs) in basic aqueous media.

Comprehensive Study on Lemon Juice-Based Green Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Bismuth Nanoparticles

“…We also clarified that ethanol and chloroform can partially remove the coating layer and found that these are mainly polysaccharides and fatty acid derivatives. 37 The TEM images of BiNPs synthesized using different amounts of lemon juice (Figure 5) show the presence of predominantly formed primary crystals smaller than 10 nm with some larger particles. As the amount of lemon juice increased, the number of BiNPs increased, which is attributable to the enhanced reduction with the increase of reducing species in lemon juice.…”

“…36 We recently reported the first biogenic synthesis of crystalline BiNPs using lemon juice as a reducing and capping agent. 37 Lemon, which is commonly used for cooking all over the world, has been employed for the synthesis of various nanomaterials owing to the high contents of bioactive compounds like ascorbic acid, citric acid, sugars, and polyphenols serving as reducing agents. 38 Nitroaromatic compounds are widely utilized in various industries including pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and dyes.…”

“…Plant sources are advantageous in their wide variety and easy availability allowing simple, rapid, and cost-effective procedures suitable for large-scale production. − However, to the best of our knowledge, very few reports are available, − and only one report deals with plant sources-based synthesis, which produced amorphous BiNPs using hydroalcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves . We recently reported the first biogenic synthesis of crystalline BiNPs using lemon juice as a reducing and capping agent . Lemon, which is commonly used for cooking all over the world, has been employed for the synthesis of various nanomaterials owing to the high contents of bioactive compounds like ascorbic acid, citric acid, sugars, and polyphenols serving as reducing agents. − …”

Lemon Juice Assisted Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Application for Adsorption of Methylene Blue

“…The intensity of detectable peaks that appeared in the range of 1000-1400 cm −1 was considerably weaker. By contrast, the peak at 1570 cm −1 unobservable for GO is assignable to the in-plane vibration of the C=C skeleton and adsorbed phytochemicals, mainly carboxylate moieties of lemon juice [44]. These changes in FTIR spectra clearly indicate that GO was successfully reduced to rGO and higher temperatures make GO reduction more convenient.…”

“…The huge production of lemons represents its high commercial value and consumption flow. Lemons are rich in phytochemicals including ascorbic acid, citric acid, sugars, and polyphenols [38][39][40][41] that can serve as reducing agents for the synthesis of various metal nanoparticles from their corresponding metal ions [42][43][44]. Specifically, the high contents of ascorbic and citric acids in lemons are well known, and the detail of the typical composition of lemon juice is summarized in a review by Szopa et al [45].…”