Green Synthesis of Biocatalysts Based on Nanocarriers Promises an Effective Role in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Fields

Abstract

Nanobiocatalysts (NBCs) are a promising new class of biocatalysts that combine the advantages of enzymes and nanomaterials. Enzymes are biological catalysts that are highly selective and efficient, but they can be unstable in harsh environments. Nanomaterials, on the other hand, are small particles with unique properties that can improve the stability, activity, and selectivity of enzymes. The development of NBCs has been driven by the need for more sustainable and environmentally friendly bioprocessing methods. Enzymes are inherently green catalysts, but they can be expensive and difficult to recover and reuse. NBCs can address these challenges by providing a stable and reusable platform for enzymes. One of the key challenges in the development of NBCs is the immobilization of enzymes on nanomaterials. Enzyme immobilization is a process that attaches enzymes to a solid support, which can protect the enzymes from harsh environments and make them easier to recover and reuse. There are many different methods for immobilizing enzymes, and the choice of method depends on the specific enzyme and nanomaterial being used. This review explores the effective role of NBCs in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields.

Green nanobiocatalysts: enhancing enzyme immobilization for industrial and biomedical applications

“…Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on the synthesis of nanoscale metals using chemical, physical, and green approaches ( Wang et al, 2007 ; Horwat et al, 2011 ). Green synthesis technologies are progressively replacing physical and chemical approaches ( Tippayawat et al, 2016 ; Alsammarraie et al, 2018 ; Rashwan et al, 2022 ; Nagy et al, 2022 ; Jahan et al, 2023 ; Khafaga et al, 2023a , 2023b ) owing to difficulties with significant energy usage ( Horwat et al, 2011 ), toxic and hazardous chemical emissions ( Hoag et al, 2009 ), and the use of complex equipment and synthetic environments ( Baruwati, Polshettiwar & Varma, 2009 ; Ahmed & Ikram, 2015 ). Physical methods such as UV radiation ( Wojnarowicz et al, 2018 ), aerosols ( Smirniotis, Boningari & Inturi, 2018 ), and thermal decomposition ( Ahmed et al, 2016a ) require high temperatures and pressures ( Ahmed et al, 2016b ).…”

“…Because they can produce many bioactive chemicals, fungi are often used to reduce and stabilize the production of nanoparticles on a large scale while maintaining their shapes and sizes under control. However, algae may produce a variety of bioactive chemicals, pigments, and proteins that function as capping agents in the synthesis process, assisting in salt reduction ( Khafaga et al, 2023b ). The creation of environmentally friendly nano-supports for enzyme immobilization is crucial from the perspective of sustainability.…”

“…It is expected that creating nanoparticles using biological principles will be simple, cost-effective, safe, and environmentally friendly ( Gautam et al, 2023 ). The production of nanoparticles by using plants has drawn a lot of attention, mostly because it is an easy process that does not require complex steps, such as maintaining a microbial culture or numerous purification stages ( Khafaga et al, 2023a , 2023b ). Green chemistry is a novel approach to the subject of nanosynthesized materials.…”

Biological Synthesis, Characterization, and Therapeutic Potential of S. commune-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles

“…Smaller nanoparticles typically have larger surface-area-to-volume ratios, and their interactions with cells are influenced by factors such as cellular uptake, internalization, and bioavailability. Biologically synthesized AuNPs, often in the nanoscale range, are more efficiently internalized by cells due to their optimized size, promoting cellular compatibility [87]. In contrast, chemically prepared AuNPs may exhibit a broader size distribution, including larger particles that could induce increased cytotoxicity through mechanisms such as enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation [88].…”