In this article, we aimed to develop a unique treatment
approach
to cure cervical cancer without harming healthy normal cells and overcome
the limitations of currently available therapies/treatments. Recently,
chemotherapeutics based on metal oxides have gained attention as a
promising approach for treating cancer. Herein, ZnO nanoparticles
were synthesized with the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. These green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were used for a cytotoxic
study on the cervical squamous carcinoma cell line SiHa and murine
macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Moreover, a hemolytic assay was performed
to check the biocompatibility of ZnO nanoparticles. The biosynthesized
ZnO nanoparticles were labeled as L1, L2, L5, and L10 nanoparticles.
Various assays like crystal violet, MTT assay, and AO/PI dual staining
method were performed to assess the anticancer potential of ZnO. The
concentration of ZnO nanoparticles was taken in the range of 100–250
μg/mL in the in vitro anticancer study on SiHa
cancer cell lines. The findings of the MTT assay revealed that biosynthesized
ZnO nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxicity against SiHa
cancer cell lines dose-dependently at two incubation times (24 and
48 h). Also, a decrease in cell viability was observed with an increased
concentration of ZnO. The IC50 values obtained were 141
μg/mL for L1, 132 μg/mL for L2, 127 μg/mL for L5,
and 115 μg/mL for L10 nanoparticles. In addition, cisplatin
drug (10 μg/mL) was also used to compare the anticancer activity
with the biosynthesized L1, L2, L5, and L10 nanoparticles. The results
of the crystal violet assay and AO/PI dual staining method revealed
that morphological changes like cell shrinkage, poor cell adhesion,
and induction of apoptosis occurred in the SiHa cancer cell lines.
Furthermore, the stability of the ZnO nanoparticles at physiological
pH has been assessed by recording the UV–visible spectrum at
various pH values. Hence, the overall findings suggested that biosynthesized
ZnO nanoparticles can be utilized for cervical squamous cancer treatment
in addition to the current treatment strategies/techniques.