Green synthesis of a palladium–polyaniline nanocomposite for green Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions

Abstract

A palladium-polyaniline (Pd-PANI) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized using a one-pot green synthetic procedure in water by the reaction between aniline hydrochloride and potassium hexachloropalladate. Strong interaction between PANI and Pd was clearly evident in the UV-visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the nanocomposite. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed the presence of Pd(0) in the nanocomposite with a fcc crystal structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging showed that the Pd-PANI nanocomposite has spherical morphology with an average particle size of 175 AE 42 nm. High resolution TEM imaging and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy studies revealed that very small nanoparticles of Pd (3.1 AE 0.9 nm) were found dispersed throughout the PANI matrix.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed the presence of Pd(0) in the nanocomposite. The catalytic behavior of the Pd-PANI nanocomposite was studied for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions in the presence of different bases in both organic and aqueous media. The results revealed that the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction proceeds much faster in water than in toluene. The excellent catalytic activity of the nanocomposite resulted in 86 and 91% yield in water and toluene respectively, when potassium carbonate was used as the base.

Controlling the morphology of polyaniline–platinum nanocomposites using swollen liquid crystal templates

“…2, in Ref. [34]) at binding energies of 200.4, 284.9, 401.5 and 534.1 eV (for AN-Pt-D) and 199.1, 285.1, 400.1 and 532.8 eV (for ANÁHCl-Pt-D) correspond to Cl 2p, C 1s, N 1s and O 1s respectively and matched with the reported data [6,42]. Also binding energies of 171.3 and 231.8 eV for AN-Pt-D and 170.1 and 229.4 eV for ANÁHCl-Pt-D correspond to S 2p and S 2s.…”

Recent Advances in the Palladium Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction in Water

“…Recently, Siril and co-workers reported a palladium-polyaniline (Pd-PANI) nanocomposite for the SMC in aqueous media (Scheme 44). [82] PANI is a conducting polymer which was used as a catalyst support. With this system, they showed that the SMC proceeds much faster in water than in toluene.…”

“…Palladium-polyaniline nanocomposite for SMC in water. [82] Dipak and co-workers reported on the application of the modified Montmorillonite clay supported Pd(0)-nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for the SMC (Scheme 45). [83] This naturally occurring clay requires no surface functionalization and its pore sizes can be tuned by an acid activation.…”

Solubility and Bioavailability of Fenofibrate Nanoformulations

“…In bottom‐up processes, the molecule or atomic level is a basic unit which grown to particles . In top‐down processes, nanoparticles are generated by the continuous breakdown of larger particles using mechanical energy/other forces . In this perspective, here we highlight the various nanoformulations techniques employed for a poorly water soluble drug fenofibrate (FF).…”