Green synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity, and in vitro antiproliferative effect of Ru/Ag/Pd nanocomposite

Abstract

Green synthesis of nanocomposite ruthenium/silver/palladium (Ru/Ag/Pd)-Np was carried out using garlic leaves extract for the reduction of equal quantities of ruthenium nitrate, silver nitrate, and palladium acetate. Some physico-chemical approaches were used to characterize the Nps, including infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). XRD revealed that the crystal size of the nanocomposite was 15.67 nm. After removing all of the precursor's anionic portions, TGA revealed a straight line, confirming the creation of a composite metallic form. Due to metal-metal interactions and the absence of typical bands of acetate and nitrate groups, IR spectra revealed faint multiple bands in the far infrared range. The antimicrobial efficacy of the nanocomposite was examined against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillu niger, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. The results showed a potent antimicrobial activity toward all tested microorganisms. UV irradiation greatly improved the antiproliferative efficacy of the nanocomposite against HepG2, Caco2, and K562 cancer cell types. After UV exposure, (Ru/Ag/Pd)-Np also caused Caco2 cells' cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and necrosis. In conclusion, Ru/Ag/Pd-Np exhibits potent antimicrobial activity and antiproliferative efficacy against different cancer cell lines. The antiproliferative potential of Ru/Ag/Pd-Np was significantly improved following UV irradiation.