Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Efficiency of Biogenic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

The high incidence of fungal resistance to commercial fungicides and the negative effects of chemical fungicides on the environment and human health necessitate the development of novel biofungicides for the efficient management of fungal diseases. This study aims to greenly synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using the aqueous extract of Laurus nobilis leaves and characterize these nanoparticles using various physicochemical techniques. The biogenic IONPs were tested against two pathogenic strains of Alternaria alternata and compared to the metalaxyl–mancozeb fungicide. The food poisoning technique was used to assess the antifungal efficacy of the greenly synthesized IONPs and the commercial metalaxyl–mancozeb fungicide against the tested pathogenic A. alternata strains. The biogenic IONPs showed a higher antifungal efficiency against the A. alternata OR236467 and A. alternata OR236468 strains at concentrations of 800 ppm compared to metalaxyl– mancozeb fungicide, with relative growth inhibition percentages of 75.89 and 60.63%, respectively. The commercial metalaxyl–mancozeb fungicide (800 ppm) showed growth inhibition percentages of 72.23 and 58.54% against the same strains. The biogenic IONPs also showed potential antioxidant activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, with DPPH inhibition percentages of 34.61% to 83.27%. In conclusion, the biogenic IONPs derived from L. nobilis leaves have the potential to be employed as biofungicides for the effective control of fungal phytopathogens, reducing reliance on harmful chemical fungicides.

Bimetallic nanoparticles and biochar produced by Adansonia Digitata shell and their effect against tomato pathogenic fungi

“…Recently FeONPs fabricated by Laurus nobilis, Trichoderma harzianum, and microalga Chlorella K01 were effective against A. alternata, S. sclerotiorum, and Fusarium sp., respectively ( Bilesky-José et al, 2021 ; Win et al, 2021 ; Yassin et al, 2023 ). The bimetallic Ag-FeONPs have demonstrated efficacy in combating fungal pathogens with great success ( P < 0.0001).…”

Advances in the Optimization of Fe Nanoparticles: Unlocking Antifungal Properties for Biomedical Applications

“…The Fe NPs produced through the green approach showed increased antifungal activity against two strains (A. alternata OR236467 and A. alternata OR236468) at a concentration of 800 ppm, with relative GI proportions of 75.90% and 60.64%, respectively. This study highlighted the potential of the biogenic Fe NPs derived from fresh leaves of L. nobilis to serve as biofungicides [152]. Recently, Azadi et al ( 2024) have utilized the catalytic properties of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 /Schiff-base/Cu NPs (a nano-antifungal agent) to evaluate its antifungal efficacy and cytotoxicity and describe the potential use of Cu NPs in the arena of fungicides when embedded with Fe NPs.…”