Green synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles using Chlorella-K01 extract for potential enhancement of plant growth stimulating and antifungal activity

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) using microalgal products as a plant growth stimulant and antifungal agent. The work was conducted with the phyco-synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4-NPs using 0.1 M ferric/ferrous chloride solution (2:1 ratio; 65 °C) with aqueous extract of the green microalga Chlorella K01. Protein, carbohydrate and polyphenol contents of Chlorella K01 extract were measured. The synthesized microalgal Fe3O4-NPs made a significant contribution to the germination and vigor index of rice, maize, mustard, green grams, and watermelons. Fe3O4-NPs also exhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tricinctum, Fusarium maniliforme, Rhizoctonia solani, and Phythium sp. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysers (PSA), and zeta potential (ZP) measurements were used to characterize these green fabricated magnetite NPs. FTIR analysis showed that the synergy of microalgal proteins, carbohydrtates and polyphenols is responsible for the biofabrication of iron nanoparticles. A spheroid dispersion of biosynthesized Fe3O4-NPs with an average diameter of 76.5 nm was produced in the synthetic process.

Humic Acid-Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Confer Resistance to Acremonium Wilt Disease and Improve Physiological and Morphological Attributes of Grain Sorghum

“…Different concentrations 10, 40 and 80 mg L −1 of Fe 3 O 4 /HA NPs significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced the mycelial growth of A. striticum over the control. Our finding is supported by earlier studies that exhibited the antimicrobial activity of Fe 3 O 4 and HA against fungal and bacterial agents [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Iron oxide NPs have not only been shown to boost the plant growth but also exhibit the antifungal activities against a variety of fungal pathogens [ 58 ].…”

“…Our finding is supported by earlier studies that exhibited the antimicrobial activity of Fe 3 O 4 and HA against fungal and bacterial agents [ 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Iron oxide NPs have not only been shown to boost the plant growth but also exhibit the antifungal activities against a variety of fungal pathogens [ 58 ]. In the poisoned food technique, iron NPs inhibited the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata up to 87.9% at a 1.0 mg mL −1 concentration [ 62 ].…”

All Shapes and Phases of Nanometer-Sized Iron Oxides Made from Natural Sources and Waste Material via Green Synthesis Approach: A Review

“…Reportedly, α-Fe 2 O 3 could be synthesized using several biological substance agents, such as extract of Citrus reticulum peels, 153 Aloe vera leaf, 154 Spondias dulcis leaf, 155 Carica papaya leaf, 120 Gardenia resinifera plant, 156 Curcuma and tea leaves, 157 Sida cordifolia plant, 158 and Bridelia retusa leaf. 159 As for the synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 , several biological substance agents were used such as aqueous extracts of zanthoxylum armatum dc leaf, 160 Rhus coriaria, 161 Graptophyllum pictum leaf, 162 Chlorella-k01, 163 seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii), 164 Garcinia mangostana fruit peel, 165 gundelia tournefortii l plant., 166 Punica granatum l. of fruit peel, 167 biosurfactant Saccharum of ficinarum, 168 Azadirachta indica, 169 rambutan peel waste, 170 α-D-glucose, and gluconic acid. 171 Green synthesis even could be used to obtain metastable iron oxides, 147,172 for instance, β-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles synthesized using a simple chemical method from a mixture of FeCl 3 solution and Iraqi grape extract 172 and β-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles synthesized from a Fe 3+ salt and Cammelia sinensis (black tea) extract using heat treatment.…”

“…Reportedly, α-Fe 2 O 3 could be synthesized using several biological substance agents, such as extract of Citrus reticulum peels, Aloe vera leaf, Spondias dulcis leaf, Carica papaya leaf, Gardenia resinifera plant, Curcuma and tea leaves, Sida cordifolia plant, and Bridelia retusa leaf . As for the synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 , several biological substance agents were used such as aqueous extracts of zanthoxylum armatum dc leaf, Rhus coriaria , Graptophyllum pictum leaf, Chlorella-k01 , seaweed ( Kappaphycus alvarezii ), Garcinia mangostana fruit peel, gundelia tournefortii l plant., Punica granatum l . of fruit peel, biosurfactant Saccharum officinarum , Azadirachta indica , rambutan peel waste, α- d -glucose, and gluconic acid .…”

Effects of biogenic silver and iron nanoparticles on soybean seedlings (Glycine max)

“…Tovar et al (2020) evaluated the effects of biogenic iron nanoparticles on corn germination and found positive results such as a higher germination index and an increase in root and shoot length [ 23 ]. Win et al (2021) observed an increase in the germination index of rice, corn, mustard, green gram, and watermelon seeds treated with biogenic iron nanoparticles [ 24 ].…”