Green Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium Nanoparticles Using Origanum vulgare L. Extract and Their Catalytic Activity

Abstract

The synthesis of Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles by green methods has attracted remarkable attention in recent years because of its superiority above chemical approaches, owing to its low cost and ecological compatibility. In this present work, we describe a facile and environmentally friendly synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) using an aqueous extract of aerial parts of Origanum vulgare L. (OV) as a bioreductant. This plant is available in many parts of the world as well as in Saudi Arabia and is known to be a rich source of phenolic components, a feature we fruitfully utilized in the synthesis of Pd NPs, using various concentrations of plant extracts. Moreover, the OV extract phytomolecules are not only accountable for the reduction and progression of nanoparticles, but they also act as stabilizing agents, which was confirmed by several characterization methods. The as-synthesized Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) were analyzed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Further, FT-IR study has proven that the OV not merely represents a bioreductant but also functionalizes the nanoparticles. Furthermore, the green synthesized metallic Pd NPs were successfully applied as catalysts for selective oxidation of alcohols.

Green chemical synthesis of Pd nanoparticles for use as efficient catalyst in Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction

“…The diffractograms show the presence of diffraction peaks at 2θ = 38, 46, and 66° which are characteristic peaks of Pd as reported earlier . The additional peaks appeared in the diffractogram might be due to some complex formed between Pd (II) and the organic moiety present in the extract as reported earlier …”

“…Additionally, the phytochemicals are also useful in controlling the size and shape of Pd NPs . The most prominent examples of plant used so far include Pulicaria glutinosa , Delonix regia , Euphorbia thymifolia , Stachys lavandulifolia , Sapindus mukorossi , Glycyrrhiza glabra , Pistacia atlantica kurdica , Origanum vulgare , watermelon rind and so on. However most of the above‐mentioned plants are either economically important or edible or have medicinal values.…”

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Caesalpinia ferrea (Tul.) Martius extract: physicochemical characterization, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity

“…Biological methods of synthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms (Castro-Longoria, Vilchis-Nestor & Avalos-Borja, 2011; Geronikaki et al, 2013; Xue et al, 2016), enzymes (Jacometo et al, 2015), and plant or plant extracts (Iravani, 2011; Mallmann et al, 2015; Kubyshkin et al, 2016; Shaik et al, 2017) have been suggested as ecofriendly alternatives to chemical and physical methods. Using plant extracts for synthesis of nanoparticles can be advantageous over other biological processes by eliminating the elaborate process of maintaining cell cultures (Iravani, 2011).…”

A new strategy to design a graphene oxide supported palladium complex as a new heterogeneous nanocatalyst and application in carbon–carbon and carbon‐heteroatom cross‐coupling reactions

“…During the formation of Pd NPs on the GO‐CPTMS@terpyridine‐based ligands, the UV–Vis spectrum showed conversion of Pd (II) to Pd(0) by the absence of the peak at 425 nm. The formation of Pd(0) nanoparticles was also confirmed by the color change of palladium solution from yellowish into dark brown during the catalyst synthesis within 24 hr (Figure ) …”