Green Synthesis: An Eco-friendly Route for the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

Green approach has received major attention for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles. One such metal oxide nanoparticles are iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). IONPs have fetched a great deal of interest in recent era because of their magnetic nature, as they can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnetic field. Although, a variety of chemical and physical methods of synthesis are known, green synthesis is safer, sustainable and biologically acceptable. Plants and microbes are the main biological materials used for the green synthesis. In present review, the synthesis of IONPs by using plants, bacteria, fungi and algae have been highlighted. IONPs produced by plants, fungi, bacteria and algae usually falls in 1–100 nm range and are of distinct shapes like cubic, tetragonal crystalline, spherical, cylindrical, elliptical, octahedral, orthorhombic, hexagonal rods, nanosphere and quasi spherical. Furthermore, these biomaterials play role of reducing, capping, stabilizing and fabricating agents in green synthesis of nanoparticles. The review put forward a comprehensive report of various routes used for synthesizing IONP, biologically. Intuition into the procedures for synthesis of nanoparticles will help to nourish our learning in the area of nanotechnology.

Role of Biogenic Capping Agents in the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Therapeutic Potential

“…Fungi act as both reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles (Ninganagouda et al, 2013). The biomolecules present in the fungi confer a coating onto the nanoparticles, which increase their stability, inhibit agglomeration, and aid in enhancing the biological activity of nanoparticles (Guilger-Casagrande and Lima, 2019; Priya et al, 2021). These biomolecules pose a high affinity toward binding onto the surface of the nanoparticles, with mostly proteins and amino acid residues coating the nanoparticle surfaces (Basavaraja et al, 2008).…”

“…Nanoparticles are generally defined as small-sized particles with core-shell structure falling in the nanoscale range of 1-100 nm with broad properties like catalytic, optical, magnetic, mechanical, superior reactivity, electric, and thermal conductivity (Agarwal et al, 2017;Salem and Fouda, 2021;Ting and Chin, 2020). Over the last decades, the chemical and physical methods have been widely used for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles, but due to the usage of toxic solvents, harmful chemical capping agents, high energy input, low output yield, larger size, and their catastrophic effect on the environment, recently, the green synthesis involving biological capping agents has fetched more attention in the nanoscience field (Javed et al, 2020;Kumar et al, 2020;Priya et al, 2021). In this era of the 21st century, nanoparticles have been extensively used in the biomedical sector, including bioimaging [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET)], biomarkers, drug delivery, cell labeling, gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia, photoablation therapy, tissue engineering, bone regeneration, wound healing and dressing, antipermeability agents (in diabetic retinopathy), intracellular analysis, catalysis (artificial enzymes), medical devices (catheter modifications, prostheses, and vascular grafts), treatment of inflammation, cancer, pathogenic infections, and dental caries (biofilm inhibition) (Figure 1) (Burdusel et al, 2018;Magro et al, 2018;McNamara and Tofail, 2017;Khan et al, 2019;Kravanja et al, 2019;Shivaramakrishnan et al, 2017;Singh et al, 2020).…”

Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Iron-based Plant Bionanoparticles and Their Use for Remediation of the Contaminated Environment

“…52 ). V opačnom prípade, pri alkalickom pH, môže byť v roztoku vyšší podiel záporne nabitých funkčných skupín, ktoré sú schopné účinne viazať a redukovať ióny a tým dochádza k syntéze väčšieho množstva nanočastíc 53 .…”

“…Ďalším dôležitým parametrom je teplota. Všeobecne platí, že so zvyšovaním reakčnej teploty sa znižuje veľkosť syntetizovaných nanočastíc 53 . Solmošiová a spol.…”

Environmental Impacts of Ecofriendly Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Dyes Removal and Antibacterial Activity

“…Plant-based extracts and microorganism cultures have been employed all around the world to make NPs that are more environmentally friendly. Microbes are a good choice for NP synthesis because of their rapid growth rate, low cost of cultivation, and ability to survive in a variety of environmental variables such as temperature, pressure, and pH [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. Fungi are one of the most significant microbe groups, since they are utilized in a variety of applications including bioprocessing, dyes removal, enzyme synthesis, food items, and nanotechnology [32][33][34].…”