Green Production of Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) Using Tea-Leaf Extracts for Fenton Degradation of Mixed Rhodamine B and Methyl Orange Dyes

Abstract

The danger from the content of dyes produced by textile-industry waste can cause environmental degradation when not appropriately treated. However, existing waste-treatment methods have not been effective in degrading dyes in textile waste. Zero-valent iron (ZVI), which has been widely used for wastewater treatment, needs to be developed to acquire effective green production. Tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves contain many polyphenolic compounds used as natural reducing agents. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize ZVI using biological reducing agents from tea-leaf extract and apply the Fenton method to degrade the color mixture of rhodamine B and methyl orange. The results show that the highest polyphenols were obtained from tea extract by heating to 90 °C for 80 min. Furthermore, PSA results show that ZVI had a homogeneous size of iron and tea extract at a volume ratio of 1:3. The SEM-EDS results show that all samples had agglomerated particles. The ZVI 1:1 showed the best results, with a 100% decrease in the color intensity of the dye mixture for 60 min of reaction and a degradation percentage of 100% and 66.47% for rhodamine B and methyl orange from LC-MS analysis, respectively. Finally, the decrease in COD value by ZVI was 92.11%, higher than the 47.36% decrease obtained using Fe(II).

Crystal Phase and Morphology-Controlled Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Nanostructures for Remarkably Ultrafast Adsorption and Separation of Organic Dyes

“…The corresponding UV–vis spectra of the pentanary mixture before and after selective adsorption of cationic dyes are represented in Figure d. Before the dye adsorption experiments, the maximum wavelength of the pentanary mixture shifted from each of its constituent components, indicating the interaction between the dye molecules and the change in the chromophore structure . Whereas after the selective adsorption of cationic dyes from the pentanary solution, the MO separated from the solution clearly showing its original λ max value as 464 nm, as shown in Figure d.…”

“…Before the dye adsorption experiments, the maximum wavelength of the pentanary mixture shifted from each of its constituent components, indicating the interaction between the dye molecules and the change in the chromophore structure. 79 Whereas after the selective adsorption of cationic dyes from the pentanary solution, the MO separated from the solution clearly showing its original λ max value as 464 nm, as shown in Figure 11d. The separation efficiency concerning MO was calculated as 77.31%, which indicates that the amm-WO 3 nanospheres can successfully adsorb several cationic dyes from a pentanary dye mixture and separate MO within few minutes.…”

The Effect of Different Synthesis with Chemical and Biological Methods on Properties of Silver Oxide Nanoparticles

“…The presence of hydrophobic poles on the capping agent causes the formation of steric barriers that can control particle growth. This reduces the surface energy of the particles, and aggregation can be avoided [59,60]. In the sonochemical method, ultrasonic waves are used to prevent agglomeration resulting in a particle size of 279 nm.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Zero Valent Iron Prepared Using Green Synthesis Method

“…Several metal decontaminants have begun to be synthesized and applied to restore water and soil downgrade due to pollution. One of the most interesting metal decontaminants to be developed is ZVI (Zero Valent Iron) [1] [2]. ZVI has the potential to adsorb heavy metals and transform organic compounds which pollute the water and soil.…”