“…Although these treatment methods have proven effective in degrading different ECs, the high operation cost and complexity of the process prevent them from being used in full-scale treatment plants ( Ahmed et al, 2021 ). Hence, alternative green sustainable technologies should be opted to tackle different types of wastewater ( Ali et al, 2016 ; Hashem et al, 2021 ; Majumder et al, 2019b ). Therefore, various biological treatment processes, such as membrane bioreactors (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR), constructed wetlands (CW), activated sludge process (ASP), trickling filters (TF), fluidized bed reactors (FBR), can be combined with adsorption-based processes, filtration-based processes, and various AOPs to form a hybrid system that can remove ECs from HWW with high efficiency ( Kovalova et al, 2013 ; Nguyen et al, 2013 ; Parida et al, 2021 ).…”