Green preparation of chlorine-doped graphene and its application in electrochemical sensor for chloramphenicol detection

Abstract

A green but efficient synthesis approach for chlorine-doped reduced graphene oxide (Cl-RGO) was developed. The chlorine-doping and reduction was achieved in one-step by refluxing graphene oxide solution in concentrated hydrochloric acid (8 M, 120 °C) under N 2 atmosphere. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that the Cl content was 1.01 at.% in the Cl-RGO. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the Cl-RGO modified glass carbon electrode showed enhanced electrochemical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity for the veterinary drug chloramphenicol (CAP) detection. Thus a highly selective electrochemical sensor for CAP was constructed based on Cl-RGO, and a linear relationship between current intensity and CAP concentration (2-35 μM) was obtained with a detection limit of 1 μM (S/N = 3). The sensor showed excellent reproducibility, storage stability and was successfully used for CAP detection in milk, calf plasma, water and pharmaceutical samples.

Veterinary Drug Residues in Animal-Derived Foods: Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods

“…To date, electrochemical biosensors have been used to detect CAP, TC, AMP and PCN in milk, honey, chicken, and beef [ 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 ]. Wang et al [ 172 ] developed a green and efficient synthesis approach for chlorine-doped reduced graphene oxide (Cl-RGO) and constructed a highly selective electrochemical sensor for CAP based on Cl-RGO. The sensor has excellent reproducibility (102.4–103.5%) and storage stability and has been successfully used for CAP detection in milk samples.…”

The Application of Nanomaterials for the Electrochemical Detection of Antibiotics: A Review

“…The sensor potential against commonly present structures such as glucose, uric acid, and ascorbic acid was tested and confirmed the applicability of graphene oxide/ZnO nanocomposite sensor in real sample applications. In a later work, there was an attempt to improve graphene electrochemical behavior through doping with heteroatom [ 110 ]. Subsequently, reduced graphene oxide was doped using chlorine to fabricate a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of pharmaceutical samples, calf plasma, milk, water, and veterinary drugs containing chloramphenicol.…”

Production of chlorine-containing functional group doped graphene powders using Yucel's method as anode materials for Li-ion batteries

“…Besides this, the SEM image of Cl-GP1 indicates that the formation of more edge sites of the graphene powder sheets is more signicant than for Cl-GP2 and Cl-GOP, as this can be related to the higher doping of Cl atoms. 51,60 TEM analysis shows the presence of wrinkled and high transparency Cl-doped graphene-based powder layers, typical of thin graphene structures. It has been found that the thickness between the Cl-GP1 layers is 0.33 nm, and multilayered graphene powder sheets can be observed in the HRTEM images.…”

“…This can be attributed to the increased amount of chlorine doping as a result of the completion of the reduction process during synthesis in the graphene powder structure. 39,60 Fig. 6 TEM images of (a) Cl-GP1, (b) Cl-GP2, and (c) Cl-GOP.…”