“…Energy-efficient solutions are highly sought after across the compute stack, with more established results through innovations in hardware/architecture [2,14,28], operating systems [10,19,24], and runtime systems [8,25,31]. In recent years, there is a growing interest in studying energy consumption from higher layers of the compute stack and most of these studies focus on application software [13,15,18,23,26,29]. These approaches complement prior hardware/OS-centric solutions, so that improvements at the hardware/OS level are not cancelled out at the application level, e.g., due to misuses of language/library/application features.…”