Green Methodologies for Tetrazole Synthesis from Different Starting Materials: A Recent Update

Abstract

Tetrazole is a most versatile pharmacophore of which more than twenty FDA-approved drugs have been marketed globally for the management of various diseases. In spite of many remarkable and consistent efforts having been made by the chemists towards the development of greener and sustainable strategies for the synthesis of tetrazole derivatives, this approach still needs more attention. The present review focuses on the green synthetic approach for the preparation of tetrazole derivatives from different starting materials such as nitrile, isonitrile, carbonyl, amine, amide, oxime and terminal alkyne functions. The mechanism of tetrazole synthesis from different substrates is discussed. In addition to this, a four component Ugi-azide reaction to the tetrazole synthesis is also described. Of note, the present articles exploited several water-mediated and solventfree methodologies for tetrazole synthesis. The important key features of tetrazole synthesis were pinpointing in each synthetic scheme which provides excellent guide to those searching for selective procedure to achieve the desired transformation. This review seeks to present a timely account (2011-2023) on the splendid array of ecofriendly procedures of synthesis known today for the preparation of tetrazole derivatives from different starting materials. The rational of this review is to enlighten recent advancements in the synthesis of tetrazole derivatives from different substrates.

A multidentate copper complex on magnetic biochar nanoparticles as a practical and recoverable nanocatalyst for the selective synthesis of tetrazole derivatives

“…In addition, nanomaterials have high stability and are heterogeneous in nature, enabling them to be easily recovered and reused like heterogeneous catalysts. In this context, various nanoparticles such as boehmite, 13–15 mesoporous silica materials, 16–18 graphene oxide, 19–21 MOF compounds, 22–31 carbon nanostructures, 32,33 polymers, 34 biochar, 35,36 and magnetic particles 37 have been reported as catalysts or catalyst supports. However, most of these materials are synthesized from mineral and non-renewable chemical compounds, which are against the principles of green and modern chemistry.…”