"Green Machine" Intelligence: Greening and Sustaining Smart Grids

Abstract

the grid a two-way street, with information and even power fl owing in both directions. Traditional "passive" appliances and devices are giving way to "smart" ones, which incorporate active controls and data reporting. The combination of the bidirectional power and information fl ow, when coupled with the increased local autonomy of consumer devices, has given birth to the "smart grid" concept. The Smart GridThe enabling attribute of the smart grid is the "feedback" mechanism from the consumer to the producer. The ability of the consumer to provide usage data, and in some cases even power, that's sent back to the utility enables an entirely new paradigm of power distribution and control. Smart grid goals are focused on operating efficiently and resiliently to satisfy increasing demand, while maintaining lower operating costs, reducing environmental impact, incorporating renewables, and leveraging the existing legacy grid infrastructure. The bidirectional fl ow of both electricity and information in the smart grid allows for active demand management. Feedback from end-user applications enables demand to be actively managed in real time, facilitating electricity generation at scale from intermittent renewable sources. 1 Additionally, enabling active participation by consumers in demand response has created complex dynamic environments with the potential of generating greater effi ciency and resilience, while further reducing environmental impact. Novel algorithms, methods for learning, scheduling, and optimization techniques are needed to achieve these goals. Smart MetersThe development, implementation, and integration of the new equipment, appliances, and software to execute the technologies necessary to create and support the smart grid are an ongoing process. These emerging technologies have a variety of aims, including saving energy and pursuing lowest rates, as well as contributing to the smooth and effi cient functioning of the electric grid. Computerized controls for homes and appliances can now respond in automated ways to signals from the energy provider to minimize energy cost, reduce energy consumption at times of high-demand stress, or actively shift power use to times when power is available at a lower cost. 2 The usage of "smart meter" technology is becoming more prevalent. Smart meters implement local monitoring and control functions at the end-user's location, coupled with a communication link back to the energy supplier. The information from the smart meter can be run through a home energy management system (EMS). A home EMS enables easyto-use, real-time, digital energy usage tracking and provides opportunities for energy savings. The EMS may actively affect various (smart) appliances and electronic products, as well as avoid peak demand rates, help to balance the energy load, and prevent blackouts both manually and automatically.Such efforts have enabled the concept of demandside management to evolve as an approach to actively reduce energy demand during peak hours. The goal of demand side managem...

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