Green Leaf Volatile Trans-2-Hexenal Inhibits the Growth of Fusarium graminearum by Inducing Membrane Damage, ROS Accumulation, and Cell Dysfunction

Abstract

Fusarium graminearum, the main agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), can cause serious yield loss and secrete mycotoxins to contaminate grain. Here, the biological activity of trans-2-hexenal (T2H) against F. graminearum was determined and its mode of action (MOA) was investigated. Furthermore, surface plasmon resonance with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (SPR-LC–MS/MS), bioinformatic analysis, and gene knockout technique were combined to identify the binding proteins of T2H in F. graminearum cells. T2H exhibited satisfactory inhibitory activity against F. graminearum in vitro. Good lipophilicity greatly enhanced the affinity of T2H to F. graminearum mycelia and further caused membrane damage. The FgTRR (thioredoxin reductase) gene negatively regulates the sensitivity of F. graminearum to T2H by reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by T2H. Two mutant strains with FgSLX1 (structure-specific endonuclease subunit) and FgCOPB (coatomer subunit β) genes knockout showed decreased sensitivity to T2H, suggesting that these two genes may be involved in the antimicrobial activity of T2H. Taken together, T2H can inhibit F. graminearum growth by multiple MOAs and can be used as a biofumigant to control the occurrence of FHB in the field.

Glutathione S-Transferase Highly Expressed in Holotrichia parallela Antennae Inactivates the Odorant Unsaturated Aldehyde Volatiles

“…These odorant substrates of HpGSTd1 were identified as the volatiles emitted from various plants. For example, trans -2-hexenal is a typical green leaf volatile that is usually released from damaged plants through the lipoxygenase pathway, , and trans , cis -2,6-nonadienal is a volatile compound of cucumber and chickasaw blackberry. , Cinnamaldehyde was identified from the volatiles of multiple plants, which included maize, which is the H. parallela host plant.…”

Plant secondary metabolite citral interferes with Phytophthora capsici virulence by manipulating the expression of effector genes

“…The inhibitory effects of PSMs on P. capsici were evaluated according to a previous method with modifications (Ma et al, 2022). Briefly, a mycelial plug (5 mm diameter) of P. capsici was placed at the centre of a Petri dish containing V8 juice medium, and then PSM was added to the upper part of the sealed Petri dish.…”

Arms Race between the Host and Pathogen Associated with Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat

“…Zhu et al (2020) found that vitamin E had an indirect regulatory effect on the accumulation of vomitoxin (DON) in wheat [ 167 ]. Moreover, trans-2-hexenal, T2H, a typical green leaf volatile, synthesized from the primary metabolite linolenic acid or linoleic acid in plants, was proved to be a biofumigant for protecting crops against Fg [ 168 ]. Therefore, in the absence of resistant germplasm resources in wheat and with the scarcity of FHB-resistant strains with wide adaptability, the choice of chemical fungicides has become a common method of FHB control, but this is inevitably contrary to the concept of “advocating green production mode and promoting sustainable agricultural development”.…”