Green IoT: A Review and Future Research Directions

Alsharif, Mohammed H.; Jahid, Abu; Kelechi, Anabi Hilary; Kannadasan, Raju

doi:10.3390/sym15030757

Cited by 50 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…A review has been presented in [ 34 ] which is IoT-based but limited to healthcare applications. Future research on green IoT has been discussed in [ 35 ]. With the development of technology and IoT’s role in connectivity, industrial IoT (IIoT) has been playing an important role in academia and industry.…”

Section: Previous Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Study on Cyber Attacks in Communication Networks in Water Purification and Distribution Plants: Challenges, Vulnerabilities, and Future Prospects

Aslam,

Tufail,

Kim

et al. 2023

Sensors

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In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has had a big impact on both industry and academia. Its profound impact is particularly felt in the industrial sector, where the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), also known as Industry 4.0, is revolutionizing manufacturing and production through the fusion of cutting-edge technologies and network-embedded sensing devices. The IIoT revolutionizes several industries, including crucial ones such as oil and gas, water purification and distribution, energy, and chemicals, by integrating information technology (IT) with industrial control and automation systems. Water, a vital resource for life, is a symbol of the advancement of technology, yet knowledge of potential cyberattacks and their catastrophic effects on water treatment facilities is still insufficient. Even seemingly insignificant errors can have serious consequences, such as aberrant pH values or fluctuations in the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCI) in water, which can result in fatalities or serious diseases. The water purification and distribution industry has been the target of numerous hostile cyber security attacks, some of which have been identified, revealed, and documented in this paper. Our goal is to understand the range of security threats that are present in this industry. Through the lens of IIoT, the survey provides a technical investigation that covers attack models, actual cases of cyber intrusions in the water sector, a range of security difficulties encountered, and preventative security solutions. We also explore upcoming perspectives, illuminating the predicted advancements and orientations in this dynamic subject. For industrial practitioners and aspiring scholars alike, our work is a useful, enlightening, and current resource. We want to promote a thorough grasp of the cybersecurity landscape in the water industry by combining key insights and igniting group efforts toward a safe and dependable digital future.

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Section: Previous Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors of [ 13 ] studied all means of maliciously accessing a plant such as through sensors, actuators, networks, and PLCs, etc. In [ 26 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 35 , 36 , 39 ], the authors studied attacks through sensors in the environment. Ref.…”

Section: Secure Water Treatment Plant Components and Processes And At...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study on Cyber Attacks in Communication Networks in Water Purification and Distribution Plants: Challenges, Vulnerabilities, and Future Prospects

Aslam,

Tufail,

Kim

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…In short, this particular technology will gradually play a crucial role in designing efficient systems. Although it faces so many issues, overcoming these challenges gives rise to an era of clean, green, and sustainable energy for the 5G/6G [149][150][151][152][153][154][155] applications of recent times.…”

Section: Rf Energy Harvesting: Prospective Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconfigurable Antennas for RF Energy Harvesting Application: Current Trends, Challenges, and Solutions from Design Perspective

et al. 2023

Self Cite

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Due to the widespread use of low-power embedded devices in both industrial and consumer applications, research into the use of alternate energy sources has been sparked by the requirement for continuous power. Due to its accessibility and ability to be implanted, RF energy is always taken into consideration among the traditional energy sources that are currently available. There is a significant necessity for efficient RF front-ends, which must provide effective circular polarization (CP) features, effectiveness, feasibility from a design standpoint, and optimal usage of ambient RF signals accessible in the environment. So, for understanding their utilization in RF energy harvesting, a metasurface reflector-inspired CP-printed reconfigurable antenna integrated with a Greinacher voltage divider (GVD) rectifier circuit is reported. It offers broadband CP with fractional bandwidth > 25%, CP gain > 8.35 dBic, and directional radiation with the 3 dB angular beamwidth > 100° in the 3.5/5 GHz bands. With the integration of the rectifier circuit, a theoretical DC output > 4.8 V at 12 dBm is obtained. The acceptable impedance bandwidth, axial ratio bandwidth, antenna gain, antenna efficiency, and directional radiation with a 3 dB angular beamwidth value are studied and subsequently matched with the trade-offs (usage of diodes, complexity of DC biasing circuits, and attainment of polarization reconfigurability) obtained from the state of the art. A comprehensive study of the reconfigurable antennas is reported to highlight the findings as a widespread solution for these limitations in RF energy harvesting application.

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“…E cient energy management becomes crucial to sustain network connectivity and extend the lifespan of nodes. To tackle these challenges [2], the Internet Engineering Task Force has proposed various procedures, including bandwidth optimization, transmission quality enhancement, and power control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Load Balancing in Multipath zone-based Energy-Consuming Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad hoc Network

Sahu,

Veenadhari

2024

Preprint

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A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organized wireless system consisting of autonomous mobile nodes. It aims to provide reliable and secure communication in the world of wireless mobile devices. Energy consumption poses a significant challenge in MANETs due to limited battery life. Efficient energy management is crucial to sustain network connectivity and prolong the lifespan of individual nodes. To address these challenges, the Internet Engineering Task Force has proposed procedures like bandwidth optimization, transmission quality enhancement, and power control. In wireless networks, energy conservation is vital for sustainable performance and longevity. Limited energy capacity in battery-powered nodes imposes constraints on network performance. Increased network traffic leads to higher energy consumption, depleting individual node reserves. Extending network lifespan and ensuring efficient energy utilization are crucial for MANET sustainability. Reducing energy consumption in specific nodes improves overall network quality and prolongs individual node battery life. A routing protocol capable of analysing energy and power becomes essential in this context. Zone-Based Technology offers a promising solution by creating virtual organizations called zones, where energy consumption can be effectively managed and balanced. Existing energy-aware routing protocols in ad hoc networks have not fully addressed energy consumption issues. Zone-based multipath routing emerges as a potential solution to balance energy levels and prolong network lifespan. In this paper, we propose the Dynamic Load Balancing in Multipath Energy-Consuming Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad hoc Network (DLB-MERP). DLB-MERP is a zone-based protocol derived from the AOMDV (Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector) routing protocol, integrating load balancing capabilities. Leveraging zone-based technology, DLB-MERP selects paths based on high energy and power availability, aiming to reduce energy consumption while ensuring efficient data forwarding. Leader nodes are selected within each zone based on energy level, Load balancing and channel strength. The protocol incorporates energy, distance, load and power analysis to maintain high energy circulation within the network and expedite the path discovery process. Selecting leader nodes and data forward nodes optimizes energy consumption. Multipath technology is employed by each node to enhance network resilience and reliability. Leader nodes play a vital role in gathering data from all zone members within the zone-based environment. Therefore, the design of a zone-based energy-efficient algorithm like DLB-MERP is pivotal in enhancing overall network lifespan and performance.

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Green IoT: A Review and Future Research Directions

Cited by 50 publications

References 116 publications

A Comprehensive Study on Cyber Attacks in Communication Networks in Water Purification and Distribution Plants: Challenges, Vulnerabilities, and Future Prospects

A Comprehensive Study on Cyber Attacks in Communication Networks in Water Purification and Distribution Plants: Challenges, Vulnerabilities, and Future Prospects

Reconfigurable Antennas for RF Energy Harvesting Application: Current Trends, Challenges, and Solutions from Design Perspective

Dynamic Load Balancing in Multipath zone-based Energy-Consuming Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad hoc Network

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