Green hydrogen-based pathways and alternatives: Towards the renewable energy transition in South America's regions – Part A

Use of Hydrogen as Fuel: A Trend of the 21st Century

“…Plans for the use of hydrogen have been developed in Australia [8,9], Brazil [10], France [11], Germany [12,13], Japan [14,15], The Netherlands [16,17], Great Britain [18] and USA [19]. The different strategies depend on the methods of producing hydrogen and the main uses of hydrogenation in accordance with the particularities of each country [20,21].…”

Energy Transition in France

“…Several governments worldwide have implemented transition policies aimed at drastically reducing CO 2 emissions related to energy production and consumption [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. All of this is taking place in a context marked by a general trend towards the decentralization of the means of production and, for the economy as a whole, by an increasingly strong emphasis on the digitalization of processes [17].…”

“…Energy transition and carbon neutrality have received a lot of attention in recent years, and an increasing number of articles have recently been published [26][27][28][29][30][31]. A number of them highlight the policies on this crucial topic in different countries (namely, Italy [32,33]; the United kingdom [34]; Spain [35]; Morocco [10]; Germany; China [7,15,36,37]; Portugal [38]; Canada [39]; the United States [14]; India [40]; South Korea [41]; Botswana [42]; South Africa [43]; Mexico [8]; Switzerland [11]; and Russia [12]), regions (i.e., Europe [44], Africa [45], South America [17], and South Asia [46,47]), and a select few compare policies across countries or regions (namely, France and Sweden [48]; Spain and Portugal [49]; Germany and China [50]; China and Africa [51]; two Austrian regions [13]; Global North and Global South [16]; Southeastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) [9]; lower-and middle-income countries [52]; developing countries [53]; Australia; Brazil; Canada; China; Europe; India; Indonesia; Japan; The Republic of Korea; Russia; and the United States [54]).…”

Factibilidad de producción de Hidrógeno verde en el Ecuador

“…Entre las posibles alternativas, surge el hidrógeno (H2) como un vector energético, que en la última década ha cobrado un gran interés a nivel global debido a sus excelentes propiedades energéticas, la posibilidad de obtenerlo mediante diversas fuentes y procesos, la fácil aplicación en un amplio rango de sectores productivos, su combinación con varias tecnologías (Nadaleti et al, 2021), además de que la combustión de este solamente produce vapor de agua. Sin embargo, para poder considerar al H2 como un candidato para suplir la demanda energética, la producción de este deberá ser completamente verde es decir no deberá generar emisiones contaminantes en ninguna parte del proceso (Clerici & Furfari, 2021).…”

“…Así mismo estudios desarrollados en Paraguay en la central de Iguazú proponen un análisis termo-económico sobre la producción de hidrógeno hidroeléctrico (Nadaleti et al, 2021).…”