Green Energy Sources Assessment Using Sentinel-1 Satellite Remote Sensing

Abstract

Due to the growing use of Green Energy Sources (GESs), the activities of mapping, monitoring, measurement, and detection of various GESs have become crucial. Assessing and measuring GESs are very complex since different environmental conditions occur. This importance is even greater when researchers face a shortage of measuring instruments and tools in many parts of the world. GES assessment is a challenging task that requires accurate and continuous measurement methods. Currently, traditional methods are very time-consuming and require spending money and human sources. So, the use of accurate and fast measurement methods and tools assessing measuring GESs potential are seriously recommended, which can greatly help the growth of the use of GESs, especially to cover and focus large areas. Satellite remote sensing is used to observe the environment in many fields and new and fast applications. Satellites remote sensing technologies and techniques for GESs assessing are fast, accurate, and can help to reduce costs and decision-making risks of GESs converters installations projects and provide suitable products to the public end-users. These could also be used to identify regions of interest for energy converter installations and to accurately identify new areas with interesting potentials. In this case, researchers can dramatically reduce the possibility of significant error in assessment methods. There is a lack of in-situ measuring tools mainly due to their high economic costs in the interested areas; an accurate analysis was carried out to assess the GESs energy potential. Since there are only limited options for further expanding the measurement over large areas, the use of satellites makes it easier to overcome in-situ limitations. Actually, to use and develop it as much as possible, a correct interdisciplinary understanding is needed. Satellite remote sensing technology for identifying suitable areas for GESs power plants could be a powerful tool that is constantly increasing in its new and fast applications but requires good planning to apply it in various GESs converters installations projects. In this article, a comprehensive review on wind, wave, biomass, geothermal sources assessment using Sentinel-1 (S-1) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite estimation has been summarized along with the different techniques available to measure GESs using satellites. In the paper, several of the successful estimation techniques were introduced in each section and compared for the understanding of limitations and strengths of different methods of GESs availability evaluation.

Analysis of the Effect of Local Magnitude on Peak Ground Acceleration and Seismic Vulnerability Index for Geothermal Field Monitoring Using Microearthquake

“…By leveraging this knowledge, geothermal engineers and stakeholders can implement adaptive and effective strategies, ensuring the sustainable and safe exploitation of geothermal resources in seismic-prone regions. Continuous research, monitoring, and collaboration between geologists, seismologists, and engineers remain essential in navigating the intricate challenges posed by seismic activities in geothermal areas (Keil et al, 2022;Majidi Nezhad et al, 2021;Toledo et al, 2022).…”

“…The novelty of this research is the integrated application through the calculation of regional local magnitude, peak ground accelaration, and seismic vulnerability index in geothermal areas. This research is important in the improvement, enhancement, utilization of geothermal energy, and seismic hazard management due to intensive exploitation activities in the geothermal field in the future such as hydraulic fracturing that causes fractures around the geothermal exploration area (Nezhad et al, 2021).…”

Satellite Data Applications for Sustainable Energy Transitions

“…Satellite data is supporting the exploration and monitoring of geothermal energy sources, which have the potential to provide non-emitting baseload power (Vargas et al, 2022). Remotely sensed thermal infrared data has been used since the 1980's to detect geothermal activity and identify potential sites for geothermal plants, providing a less costly data source than field investigations (Majidi Nezhad et al, 2021b). Thermal infrared bands that are sensitive to surface temperatures are used to identify anomalies that are potentially the result of subsurface geothermal activity.…”

“…However, satellite data can be useful for studying geothermal potential and ground temperature recovery because of the ability to construct long-term datasets. A key tool that allows for this type of analysis is the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique, which can map ground deformation through clouds and at night, providing expansive temporal and spatial coverage (Mellors et al, 2018;Majidi Nezhad et al, 2021b). For example, two years of Sentinel-1 SAR data was used to analyze Iceland's untapped geothermal energy, as well as pressure changes from geothermal fluid extraction for a new power plant (Receveur et al, 2019).…”

Online Wind-Atlas Databases and GIS Tool Integration for Wind Resource Assessment: A Spanish Case Study

“…Nowadays, the use of satellite remote-sensing tools in a variety of sectors is of primary interest. A recent review on wind, geothermal, biomass, and wave sources assessment by using Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite (Sentinel-1) estimation can be found in [35]. A Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis dataset was initially conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Center to give long-term wind data covering the world spatially.…”