Green Emulsion Polymerization Technology

Zhang, Yujie; Dubé, Marc A.

doi:10.1007/12_2017_8

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Water-based polymerization methods essentially satisfy an important requirement of green polymer production. The well-established industrially-used method of emulsion polymerization is a far ''greener'' process compared to its solution polymerization counterpart as it greatly reduces the use of volatile organic compounds (Zhang and Dubé 2017). The water phase, into which are suspended growing polymer particles, leads to relatively low viscosity latex polymers even at high solid contents (up to 60-65 wt%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sequential design approach for in situ incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals in emulsion-based pressure sensitive adhesives

et al. 2020

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are naturally-sourced nanoparticles that can be used to modify polymers and provide exceptional mechanical properties to nanocomposite materials. In this study, CNCs were incorporated into water-based pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) via in situ semi-batch emulsion polymerization to improve PSA properties. A sequential design approach was used to improve CNC/ poly(n-butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate) nanocomposite PSAs. In the first part of the design, the effects of acrylic acid (AA) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were examined in the presence of 0.5 wt% CNCs (based on polymer mass). While the SDS was crucial to maintaining latex stability, its excessive addition led to a decrease in PSA performance, namely tack and peel strength. The AA comonomer was pivotal in improving the shear strength of the PSAs, especially in the presence of CNCs. In all cases, the addition of CNCs led to improved PSA shear strength. In the second part of the design, the addition of 1-dodecanethiol (NDM) as a chain transfer agent (CTA) with CNC levels up to 1 wt% led to an improvement in tack and peel strength but at the cost of diminishing the shear strength. Generally, the addition of CNCs improved PSA performance. Thus, to maximize the impact of CNCs on PSA properties, a careful balance of SDS (for latex stability), AA (to improve shear strength) and NDM (to improve tack and peel strength) are needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sequential design approach for in situ incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals in emulsion-based pressure sensitive adhesives

et al. 2020

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“…In the next step, the depolymerization product (i.e., bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, BHET) is converted into a methacrylatebased terephthalate monomer using methacrylic anhydride, which is considered as a greener alternative to more traditional chlorinated reagent (i.e., methacryloyl chloride). Finally, the incorporation of methacrylic functionality facilitates the polymerization of the terephthalate-based monomer by radical polymerization, allowing the preparation of well-defined nanoparticles by emulsion polymerization, which is considered as a more sustainable polymerization technique due to the use of water as dispersing media [22].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Upcycling of PET Waste towards Terephthalate Redox Nanoparticles for Energy Storage

Goujon

Demarteau

Pariza

et al. 2021

Sustainable Chemistry

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Over 30 million ton of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is produced each year and no more than 60% of all PET bottles are reclaimed for recycling due to material property deteriorations during the mechanical recycling process. Herein, a sustainable approach is proposed to produce redox-active nanoparticles via the chemical upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste for application in energy storage. Redox-active nanoparticles of sizes lower than 100 nm were prepared by emulsion polymerization of a methacrylic-terephthalate monomer obtained by a simple methacrylate functionalization of the depolymerization product of PET (i.e., bis-hydroxy(2-ethyl) terephthalate, BHET). The initial cyclic voltammetry results of the depolymerization product of PET used as a model compound show a reversible redox process, when using a 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate/dimethyl sulfoxide electrolyte system, with a standard redox potential of −2.12 V vs. Fc/Fc+. Finally, the cycling performance of terephthalate nanoparticles was investigated using a 0.1 M TBAPF6 solution in acetonitrile as electrolyte in a three-electrode cell. The terephthalate anode electrode displays good cycling stability and performance at high C-rate (i.e., ≥5C), delivering a stable specific discharge capacity of 32.8 mAh.g−1 at a C-rate of 30 C, with a capacity retention of 94% after 100 cycles. However, a large hysteresis between the specific discharge and charge capacities and capacity fading are observed at lower C-rate (i.e., ≤2C), suggesting some irreversibility of redox reactions associated with the terephthalate moiety, in particular related to the oxidation process.

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“…Emulsion polymerization is a form of heterogeneous free radical chain polymerization, where hydrophobic polymer particles are formed in an aqueous dispersion medium [46]. It satisfies, to a high degree, the 12 principles of green chemistry: as in solution polymerization, the use of small amounts of free radical initiator overcomes the need for excess stoichiometric reagents (principle 9); greater control over molecular weight and final polymer properties at high conversion, relative to solution polymerization, reduces the amount of off-spec and waste materials (principle 1); the use of water as the reaction medium removes the need for solvent use and subsequent evaporation, thus enhancing process safety and reducing energy costs (principles 3, 4 and 5); and lower viscosity profiles lead to enhanced heat transfer and therefore, lower energy requirements (principle 11) [1,12]. The addition of sustainably produced and sourced monomers and fillers (principles 4, 7 and 10) further enhances the "greenness" of the process by displacing typically petroleum-based monomers, giving the overall formulation a smaller environmental footprint.…”

Section: Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strategies for future works were presented and a comprehensive analysis of characterization methods and applications of starch grafted latexes and films was provided. 1…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve a sustainable society, we must intensify responsible agriculture and industry and reduce our greenhouse gas (predominantly CO 2 ) emissions and use of non-biodegradable and single-use materials. The polymer industry has a major role to play in this shift in practice [1]. A bio-based economy focusses on extracting useful organic materials from renewable sources such as starch and other saccharides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Use of Starch in Emulsion Polymerizations

et al. 2019

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The substitution of petroleum-based synthetic polymers in latex formulations with sustainable and/or bio-based sources has increasingly been a focus of both academic and industrial research. Emulsion polymerization already provides a more sustainable way to produce polymers for coatings and adhesives, because it is a water-based process. It can be made even more attractive as a green alternative with the addition of starch, a renewable material that has proven to be extremely useful as a filler, stabilizer, property modifier and macromer. This work provides a critical review of attempts to modify and incorporate various types of starch in emulsion polymerizations. This review focusses on the method of initiation, grafting mechanisms, starch feeding strategies and the characterization methods. It provides a needed guide for those looking to modify starch in an emulsion polymerization to achieve a target grafting performance or to incorporate starch in latex formulations for the replacement of synthetic polymers.

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Green Emulsion Polymerization Technology

Cited by 27 publications

References 151 publications

A sequential design approach for in situ incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals in emulsion-based pressure sensitive adhesives

A sequential design approach for in situ incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals in emulsion-based pressure sensitive adhesives

Chemical Upcycling of PET Waste towards Terephthalate Redox Nanoparticles for Energy Storage

On the Use of Starch in Emulsion Polymerizations

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