Green Dyeing and Antibacterial Treatment of Hemp Fabrics Using Punica granatum Peel Extracts

Abstract

In this study, the dyeing performance and antibacterial properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extracts were investigated, when applied to hemp fabric. A tannin-rich natural dye was extracted using water at 100°C. As the antibacterial agent was sensitive to temperature, it was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with methanol at 55°C. The color strength (K/S) values were investigated and found to increase in line with the dye concentration, dyeing time, and temperature. Optimal dyeing of the hemp fabric was achieved when applying 6% w/v of extract at 80°C for 60 min. This produced a yellowish-brown appearance. The dyed fabrics were rated as good to excellent for color fastness against washing, water, sea water, and perspiration. The dyed fabrics were next finished with the antibacterial agent extracted from the peel and tested for activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Gram negative), using the AATCC-100 (percentage reduction) test. The fabric was demonstrated to be 99.99% effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and this was conserved across 20 wash cycles.

A recent (2009–2021) perspective on sustainable color and textile coloration using natural plant resources

“… Part 1: Top 10 Plants studied for natural dyes. Pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) & Peels Anthocyanin ∼ 14.7 (Hemp) 13.2 (Wo) 9.4 (Co) 6.4 (Lyocell) 19-0405 TCX 8–1112 TCX 18-0724 TCX 18–0510 TCX 17-1129 TCX 17–1113 TCX 17-0929 TCX 17–0636 TCX 17-0517 TCX 16–1133 TCX 16-1126 TCX 16–1120 TCX 16-1118 TCX 16–1108 TCX 16-0928 TCX 16–0737 TCX 16-0730 TCX 16–0726 TCX 15-1116 TCX 15–1040 TCX 15-0719 TCX 15–0533 TCX 15-0522 TCX 14–0925 TCX 14-0721 TCX 13–0919 TCX 10YR/3/2 10YR/6/4 10YR/6/6 10YR/6/8 10YR/7/4 10YR/7/6 10YR/8/6 7.5YR/5/8 7.5YR/6/6 5Y/8/8 2.5Y/4/2 2.5Y/5/4 2.5Y/5/6 2.5Y/6/6 2.5Y/6/4 2.5Y/7/4 2.5Y/8/4 (H/Y ∼ YR; V/3–8; C/2–8) ( Ghaheh et al., 2012 ; Mahmud-Ali et al., 2012 ; Davulcu et al., 2014 ; Ajmal et al., 2014 ; Ebrahimi and Parvinzadeh Gashti, 2016 ; Benli and Bahtiyari, 2018a ; Čuk and Gorjanc, 2017 ; Rehman et al., 2018 ; Baseri, 2020 ; Inprasit et al., 2020 ; Peran et al., 2020 ) Madder ( Rubia tinctorum ) & Roots Alizarin ∼ 18.4 (Nylon) 15.8 (Wo) 8.8 (Co) 19-1234 TCX 19–1540 TCX 19-1103 TCX 18–1440 TCX 18-1433 TCX 18–1326 TCX 18-1230 TCX 18–1016 TCX 17-1424 TCX 15–1333 TCX 14-1318 TCX 10R/3/8 10R/4/4 10R/4/8 10R/4/8 10R/5/8 10R/6/8 10R/8/10 7.5YR/4/4 5YR/3/4 2.5YR/2/2 2.5YR/7/8 (H/R-YR; V/2–8; C/2–10) ( Barani and Maleki, 2011 ; Zarkogianni et al., 2011 ; Farizadeh et al., 2010 ; Deveoglu et al., 2012a , Deveoglu et al., 2012b ; Sadeghi-Kiakhani, 2015 ; Grifoni et al., 2014 ; Parvinzadeh Gashti et al., 2014 ; Tayade and Adivarekar, 2016 ; Sadeghi-Kiakhani et al., 2018b ; Fröse et al., 2019 ; …”

“… Antibacterial/Antimicrobial Quince leaves, Tectona grandis L. leaves extract, Rheum emodi L., henna, pomegranate, thyme, gallnut extract, gromwell, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Bixa orellana seed, Acacia arabica bark, Chinese gall, green tea, coffee, pinecone, pineapple peel waste, pomegranate rind, buckwheat hull, Croton urucurana Baill. bark, green tea, turmeric, Commiphora of the Burseraceae shrub, Saraca asoca and Albizia lebbeck, Citrus grandis Osbeck, henna, Walnut Sheel, Cochineal, madder, weld, onion skin, pineapple peel waste ( Cerempei et al., 2016 ; Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2018a , Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2018b ; Khan et al., 2012 ; Alebeid et al., 2020a , Alebeid et al., 2020b ; Davulcu et al., 2014 ; Rehman et al., 2018 ; Lee et al., 2015 ; Hong et al., 2012 ; Ebrahimi and Parvinzadeh Gashti, 2015 ; Chattopadhyay et al., 2015 ; Zhang et al., 2014 ; Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2018a , Shahid-ul-Islam et al., 2018b ; Hong, 2018 ; Lee et al., 2018 ; Sheikh et al., 2019 ; Baseri, 2020 ; Inprasit et al., 2020 ; Peran et al., 2020 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ; dos Silva et al., 2020 ; Shahmoradi Ghaheh et al., 2014 ; Lee et al., 2017 ; Baliarsingh et al., 2012 ; Yi and Yoo, 2010 ; Yusuf et al., 2012 ; Ghaheh et al., 2012 ; Sadeghi-Kiakhani et al., 2018b ; Pawar et al., 2019 ; Sheikh et al., 2019 ; Inprasit et al., 2020 ; Lee et al., 2020 ; Haji, 2012 ) UV protective Henna, Bixa orellana seed, Acacia arabica bark, Marigold (Tagetes erecta), Peanut skin roasted, Pineapple peel waste, A. nilotica, buckwheat hull, Golden shower pods, Neem bark, Andaman satinwood leave, Burma padauk bark, Sappan, Acacia bark, Croton urucurana Baill bark, Equisetum arvense L., Oak Bark Extract, curcurmin, H. italicum (Roth) G. Don (curry plant), R...…”

Phenolic Compounds from By-Products for Functional Textiles

“…Different methodologies have been used to test the antimicrobial/antibacterial properties of textile fabrics dyed with natural dyes rich in polyphenols. These include methodologies such as zone of inhibition and agar diffusion tests, percentage reduction assays, spectrophotometric assays, and minimum inhibitory concentration determinations, among others [24,47,73,111]. These have usually been performed in accordance with standardized methodologies, i.e., AATCC TM 100 [136], AATCC TM 90:2016 [137], ASTM E2149 [138], ISO/DIS 20743 [139], and GB/T 20944.…”

Extraction of lutein dye from Tagetes erecta garland waste for green dyeing of hemp fabric using response surface methodology

“…Color fastness is defined by the degree of color change. Color stability is also evaluated from color staining, which is defined as excess pickup of dye by a substrate due to exposure to a contaminated medium or by direct contact with a dyed material [42,43]. Table 7-10 shows the washing, perspiration, light, and crocking fastness properties of both hemp fabrics dyed under the optimal condition of this study with and without mordant.…”