Green Communications: Techniques and Challenges

Malik, Nabeel Ahmed; Ur-Rehman, Masood

doi:10.4108/eai.4-10-2017.153162

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…HetNETs play a pivotal role in bringing end users closer to network access, leading to improved signal-to-noise ratios and facilitating more efficient frequency reuse [9].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Component analysis for energy-efficient multimedia networks utilizing 5G radio access technologies

Lavrinenko,

Stepanov

2024

TAPR

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The object of the research is the energy-efficient multimedia networks based on 5G wireless access technologies. The research is aimed at developing energy-efficient multimedia networks based on 5G wireless access technologies, considering the increasing importance of information and communication technologies (ICT) in modern society. With the proliferation of wireless access networks and the advancement of fifth-generation mobile networks (5G), there is a need to assess and reduce the environmental impact of ICT. The article specifically focuses on the challenges related to energy consumption and CO2 emissions in radio access networks, highlighting the responsibility to balance technological advancements with environmental concerns. The paper examines various components and technologies necessary for enhancing energy efficiency in multimedia networks. It discusses the concept of multimedia, including digital storage, data processing, and interactive elements. Statistical data is provided to underscore the significant energy consumption and carbon footprint of the ICT industry, with an emphasis on radio access networks. Heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technologies, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies are identified as key components for achieving energy efficiency. The importance of reducing the distance between transmitters and receivers in heterogeneous networks is emphasized, as well as the use of energy-saving strategies such as putting small base stations into sleep mode during low network loads. Special attention is given to the role of green data centers in reducing CO2 emissions and optimizing the use of green energy in high-performance networks. Proposed methods include leveraging renewable energy sources, improving hardware energy efficiency, and implementing energy-efficient routing. The findings offer valuable insights for the development and implementation of energy-efficient multimedia networks, particularly in the context of 5G networks. The interdisciplinary approach advocated in the conclusion emphasizes the collective efforts needed to address environmental challenges in the field of information and communication technologies. The combination of these technologies ensures efficient resource utilization and reduced environmental impact compared to similar known approaches.

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“…HetNETs play a pivotal role in bringing end users closer to network access, leading to improved signal-to-noise ratios and facilitating more efficient frequency reuse [9].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Component analysis for energy-efficient multimedia networks utilizing 5G radio access technologies

Lavrinenko,

Stepanov

2024

TAPR

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“…Thus, HetNETs bring end users closer to network access, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio as well as more efficient reuse of frequencies [9].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Components for Energy Efficient Multimedia Networks Based on 5g Radio Access Technologies

STEPANOV,

LAVRINENKO

2024

ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНА ТА ОБЧИСЛЮВАЛЬНА ТЕХНІКА В ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСАХ

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Modern society is actively transitioning into an information-based one, and multimedia technologies have become an integral part of this process. Thanks to the proliferation of wireless access networks, users are becoming more mobile, and the development of the fifth generation of mobile networks, known as 5G, is a significant step in the advancement of information and communication technologies. 5G networks offer low latency and reliable connectivity, expanding the capabilities of mobile internet and machine communication. However, along with the opportunities provided by multimedia communication, there is a responsibility to consider the impact of associated technologies on the environment, as well as to address new challenges and the need for prudent resource utilization. The article defines the concept of "multimedia" and discusses various aspects of this concept, including digital storage and processing of information, components (text, photos, audio, and video), interactivity, and hypertextuality. It is noted that the transmission of multimedia data and the use of information technologies are closely linked to wireless access networks. The authors discuss challenges and solutions in the field of energy efficiency for networks. They provide statistics indicating that the information and communication technology (ICT) industry is responsible for a significant portion of global energy consumption and CO2 emissions, with radio access networks being a major contributor. Various components and technologies that can contribute to the development of energy-efficient multimedia networks based on 5G radio access technologies are examined. Specifically, heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technologies, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies are highlighted as key components for achieving energy efficiency. The importance of using heterogeneous networks to reduce the distance between transmitters and receivers is emphasized, along with the possibility of putting small base stations into sleep mode when there is no network load. Technologies like NOMA and MIMO are discussed as crucial components for achieving spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. Additionally, the article focuses on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and suggests ways to optimize them for energy efficiency. This includes operating sensor units only when necessary, implementing wireless charging, using energy-efficient optimization methods, and applying efficient routing schemes. The authors also highlight the role of green data centers in reducing CO2 emissions and optimizing the use of green energy in high-performance networks. Methods such as using renewable energy sources, increasing the energy efficiency of hardware, and implementing energy-efficient routing are discussed. In conclusion, the article underscores the importance of energy efficiency and reduced CO2 emissions in modern multimedia networks, particularly in the context of 5G networks. It calls for interdisciplinary efforts to address these critical challenges in the field of information and communication technologies.

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“…By training of data in classifier the load limits (i.e., Max Kilowatt power, Minimum Kilowatt power, Maximum KVAR, Minimum KVAR.) also predefined which gives better performance [21]. [22].…”

Section: A Artificial Neural Network (Ann)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to this connection/disconnection a sudden voltages and current variation held. The behavior of V and I is investigating at site of DG1 as in diagrammatically illustrate in fig 21. Signal processing-based technique is applied on these waveforms as in Fig.…”

Section: Case 4: Capacitor Bank Switchingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Based Islanding Detection During Blackout

Ghafoor

2022

IJSET

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In modern era, demand of electricity is increasing rapidly due to fast development in industrial sector, communication technologies, commercial and domestic usage. The need of the hour is to protect the power system from blackouts during abnormal conditions, like voltage collapse and frequency disturbance etc between the generation and consumption. The sudden change in weather conditions, loading of power system, and over ageing of transmission and distribution lines becomes the cause of blackouts. Islanding detection and protection is one of the best possible techniques to improve the power quality, reliability, system security, transmission congestion relief and efficient energy utilization. Distribution generators (DGs), if properly placed have many positive impacts on the operation of power system. The islanding can improve the reliability by counting the operation of electrical power to keep the balance between consumption and generation. The main problem is sustained islanding with fast timing. Plant should sustain its island mode condition when fault occurs in transmission lines. Most islanding detection algorithms suffer from large NDZ and Non detection zone must be minimized to protect system properly and avoid blackouts. This study presents a technique to develop a reliable system to prevent complete blackouts, while maintaining the stability of the power system with high variability and uncertainty under the abnormal conditions. It is also needed to present the period all the DGs need to connect and disconnect immediately when the island occurs. For this purpose, each DG must be equipped with islanding detection devices. In this research work the presented system is a two-step process, based on the collection of some of the key characteristics in the current and voltage signals to analyze second harmonic by the Fourier transform (FT).

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Green Communications: Techniques and Challenges

Cited by 10 publications

References 22 publications

Component analysis for energy-efficient multimedia networks utilizing 5G radio access technologies

Component analysis for energy-efficient multimedia networks utilizing 5G radio access technologies

An Overview of Components for Energy Efficient Multimedia Networks Based on 5g Radio Access Technologies

Machine Learning Based Islanding Detection During Blackout

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