Green Chemistry Metrics with Special Reference to Green Analytical Chemistry

Tobiszewski, Marek; Marć, Mariusz; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Namieśnik, Jacek

doi:10.3390/molecules200610928

Cited by 378 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The E-factor of this process was calculated, obtaining a value of 25.6, not being a high value for finechemical and pharmaceutical products industries. 40 This gram-scale reaction was also conducted in DES, obtaining only a 73% conversion to the desired product. However, a purification step was required to obtain the pure product, in contrast to the result obtained in glycerol as solvent.…”

Section: Scheme 2 Hiyama-type Coupling With Allyltrimethoxysilanementioning

confidence: 99%

NCN–Pincer–Pd Complex as Catalyst for the Hiyama Reaction in Biomass-Derived Solvents

Marset

Gea

Guillena

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A NCN-pincer-Pd complex have been synthetized and applied to Hiyama-type cross-coupling reactions between aryl halides and different types of organosilanes using neoteric solvents. This report constitutes a green approach to cross-coupling reactions since the reagents employed are stable and non-toxic. The solvents used (Deep Eutectic Solvents based on choline chloride or glycerol) are also biodegradable, non-toxic, non-flammable and biorenewable. Furthermore, the catalytic system can be recycled, allowing to perform the reaction for at least three cycles without adding more catalyst or solvent, increasing the value of the process from an economical and environmental point of view. The effect of these solvents on the catalytic activity has been studied. Finally, a gram-scale reaction has also been tested affording biaryl products in high yields and purity by a simple liquid-liquid extraction, without the need of aqueous work-up or chromatographic steps, proving the applicability of this approach in a sustainable industrial scale.

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Section: Scheme 2 Hiyama-type Coupling With Allyltrimethoxysilanementioning

confidence: 99%

NCN–Pincer–Pd Complex as Catalyst for the Hiyama Reaction in Biomass-Derived Solvents

Marset

Gea

Guillena

et al. 2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Reaction Mass Efficiency or Material Efficiency (RME) RME has been emphasized as a realistic metric for describing the greenness of a process [21]. It offers a better and easy way of identification of the best or worst reactions that have influence on the whole industrial process or synthesis [6]. RME takes into account yield, stoichiometry, and atom economy, and it is related to the E-factor by an inverse expression.…”

Section: =mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Andraos [22], SF equal to unity means that the reaction is operated under stoichiometric conditions; otherwise, SF is greater than 1 [6].…”

Section: Au% =mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concept of green chemistry refers to the design of chemical products and processes that minimize or eliminate the generation of hazardous substances and that seek to prevent or reduce the risk to human health and the environment [1]. Thus, green chemistry evaluates the greenness of a chemical process and allows to compare the greenness of existing solutions with newly developed ones [6]. Correspondingly, with green chemistry, the green chemistry metrics were introduced as metrics that measure aspects of chemical processes based on the twelve aforementioned green chemistry principles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Sustainability Indicators for Biodiesel Production

Martinez‐Guerra

Gude

2017

Applied Sciences

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Featured Application: Sustainability Indicator Concepts used for biodiesel production in this study can be applied to various biofuels and other chemical reaction designs, synthesis and process development.Abstract: Biodiesel production may provide a sustainable route to reduce environmental pollution caused by fossil fuel consumption. In order to minimize environmental impacts of biodiesel production, the chemical process should be optimized to minimize waste generation and energy consumption. Therefore, it is important to design biodiesel chemical reactions and processes using green chemistry and green engineering principles to develop sustainable chemical processes. This study provides the results of the synergistic effect of microwave and ultrasound irradiations to produce biodiesel using ethanol or methanol as the alcohol donor. The biodiesel yields are presented along with their respective green metrics, such as atom economy, environmental factor (E-factor), atom economy (utilization) or atomic efficiency, mass intensity, reaction mass efficiency, atom utilization, and stoichiometric factor. These green metrics are crucial to determine the sustainability and environmental impact of biodiesel production. Evaluation of these green metrics indicates that methanol is a better alternative for biodiesel production provided it is derived from renewable sources. Sustainability indicator concepts used for biodiesel production in this study can be applied to various biofuels and other chemical reaction designs, synthesis and process development.

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“…Therefore, developing new, environmentally friendly and tunable solvents which would meet both technological and economic demands is perhaps the most active area of Green Chemistry and Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). Indeed, several principles of green chemistry and GAC refer to this problematic aspect (directly or indirectly) [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction Process

Owczarek¹,

Szczepańska²,

Płotka‐Wasylka³

et al. 2016

ChChT

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Abstract.Developing new, eco-friendly solvents which would meet technological and economic demands is perhaps the most popular aspects of Green Chemistry. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) fully meet green chemistry principles. These solvents offer many advantages including biodegradability, low toxicity, sustainability, low costs and simple preparation. This paper provides an overview of knowledge regarding NADES with special emphasis on extraction applications and further perspectives as truly sustainable solvents.

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Green Chemistry Metrics with Special Reference to Green Analytical Chemistry

Cited by 378 publications

References 78 publications

NCN–Pincer–Pd Complex as Catalyst for the Hiyama Reaction in Biomass-Derived Solvents

NCN–Pincer–Pd Complex as Catalyst for the Hiyama Reaction in Biomass-Derived Solvents

Assessment of Sustainability Indicators for Biodiesel Production

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents in Extraction Process

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