Green Biotechnology of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus L.): A Sustainable Strategy for Myco-Remediation and Bio-Fermentation

Abstract

The field of biotechnology presents us with a great chance to use many organisms, such as mushrooms, to find suitable solutions for issues that include the accumulation of agro-wastes in the environment. The green biotechnology of mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.) includes the myco-remediation of polluted soil and water as well as bio-fermentation. The circular economy approach could be effectively achieved by using oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.), of which the substrate of their cultivation is considered as a vital source for producing biofertilizers, animal feeds, bioenergy, and bio-remediators. Spent mushroom substrate is also considered a crucial source for many applications, including the production of enzymes (e.g., manganese peroxidase, laccase, and lignin peroxidase) and bioethanol. The sustainable management of agro-industrial wastes (e.g., plant-based foods, animal-based foods, and non-food industries) could reduce, reuse and recycle using oyster mushrooms. This review aims to focus on the biotechnological applications of the oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus L.) concerning the field of the myco-remediation of pollutants and the bio-fermentation of agro-industrial wastes as a sustainable approach to environmental protection. This study can open new windows onto the green synthesis of metal-nanoparticles, such as nano-silver, nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO. More investigations are needed concerning the new biotechnological approaches.

Mushroom-Derived Novel Selenium Nanocomposites’ Effects on Potato Plant Growth and Tuber Germination

“…It was important that, for the plants undergoing the P. ostreatus -derived biopreparations, not only the vegetative part mass, but also the plant root mass increased. Oyster mushroom ( P. ostreatus ) is known by its pronounced antioxidant properties [ 58 , 59 ]. Therefore, it is likely that the effect of oyster mushroom metabolites implemented in production of the fungal bioagent would exert a stimulatory effect on potato plants with subsequent enhancement of biomass accumulation.…”

A Comparative Photographic Review on Higher Plants and Macro-Fungi: A Soil Restoration for Sustainable Production of Food and Energy

“…There are several kinds of mushrooms, which can in general be categorized into edible, medicinal and poisonous mushrooms, as reported by El-Ramady et al [36]. More dimensions for the sustainable applications of mushrooms could be found in Elsakhawy et al [98] and El-Ramady et al [99] whereas the sustainable production of medicinal plants is a great challenge, especially under the adverse conditions reported in detail by Aftab [100].…”

“…The main mechanisms that plants can be used in remediation process may include bioremediation, phytoremediation, as reported by many studies such as Elallem et al [149] Bhat et al [150], Oladoye et al [151], Gavrilescu [152], and Wang et al [148]. Myco-remediation of polluted soils by mushrooms is an eco-efficient process of mushrooms to bio-degrade different pollutants through mechanisms such as bioaccumulation, biosorption, bioconversion, and biodegradation [99]. The main difference between remediation by plants and mushrooms is represented in the mechanism of this process, which mainly needs enzymes to be achieved in case of mushrooms, but in the case of plants, needs different approaches (Figure 10).…”

“…SMS of Ganoderma lucidum used by 0.2% (v/v) for fermentation using baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and incubated for 5 days at 30 °C Fermentation using mushroom for bioethanol production I. Fermentation using Pleurotus florida on cotton spinning wastes and the optimum ethanol yield (1.18 g L −1 ) was obtained by 64% at 60 h II. Mushroom of Dictyopanus genera can its enzyme (laccase activity 267 U L −1 ) from oil palm delignification process for bioethanol derived-cellulose Sources: [99,172,173,[175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182].…”

Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize—A Review

“…Edible mushrooms are macro fungus with a specific fruiting body, which can be either a Basidiomycete or an Ascomycete , aerial or underground, and large enough to be seen with naked eye and to be collected by hand [ 189 ]. Mushroom oyster or white-rot fungus ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) is one of the most well-known edible mushrooms due to its economic (edible), ecological (bioremediation agents), and medicinal value (antioxidant activity and bio-compounds source) [ 190 , 191 ]. Its use as a biocontrol organism for mycotoxin detoxification in cereals especially maize has grown in popularity in recent years [ 192 , 193 , 194 ] owing to its bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds and proteins) [ 188 , 194 ], and its highly efficient enzymatic systems (manganese peroxide and laccases) for degrading mycotoxins [ 191 , 195 , 196 ].…”