Green biodiesel production: a review on feedstock, catalyst, monolithic reactor, and supercritical fluid technology

Gumba, Rizo Edwin; Saallah, Suryani; Misson, Mailin; Ongkudon, Clarence M.; Anton, Ann

doi:10.18331/brj2016.3.3.3

Cited by 66 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…100 Another recent development involves the transesterification of triglycerides in scCO 2 catalyzed by lipases immobilized in monoliths in packed-bed reactors for the continuous production of biodiesel. 101…”

Section: Supercritical Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Biocatalysis in Sustainable Chemistry

2017

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Based on the principles and metrics of green chemistry and sustainable development, biocatalysis is both a green and sustainable technology. This is largely a result of the spectacular advances in molecular biology and biotechnology achieved in the past two decades. Protein engineering has enabled the optimization of existing enzymes and the invention of entirely new biocatalytic reactions that were previously unknown in Nature. It is now eminently feasible to develop enzymatic transformations to fit predefined parameters, resulting in processes that are truly sustainable by design. This approach has successfully been applied, for example, in the industrial synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In addition to the use of protein engineering, other aspects of biocatalysis engineering, such as substrate, medium, and reactor engineering, can be utilized to improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness and, hence, the sustainability of biocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, immobilization of an enzyme can improve its stability and enable its reuse multiple times, resulting in better performance and commercial viability. Consequently, biocatalysis is being widely applied in the production of pharmaceuticals and some commodity chemicals. Moreover, its broader application will be further stimulated in the future by the emerging biobased economy.

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Section: Supercritical Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Biocatalysis in Sustainable Chemistry

2017

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“…Moreover, the global biofuel market has been estimated to approximately grow at 5.4% CAGR (compound annual growth rate) during the year of 2017 to 2024 while the capacity of biodiesel production has been expected to achieve 12 billion gallons by 2020. In 2013, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set the Renewable Volume Obligation (RVO) in the yearly rulemaking under a congressional mandate that termed for the nation to utilise 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels in transportation by 2022 [171,172].…”

Section: Economic Viewpointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review

2018

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The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources.

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“…d in response to limitations of second generation, which includes microalgae as feedstock; however, reliable production is still under development in Canada (Gumba et al, 2016). There are many combinations and variations of thermochemical and chemical process pathways that are possible for the production of a variety of liquid biofuel products, which are demonstrated in Figure 6.…”

Section: Thermochemical and Chemicalmentioning

confidence: 99%