Green and Black Cardamom in a Diet-Induced Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Both black (B) and green (G) cardamom are used as flavours during food preparation. This study investigated the responses to B and G in a diet-induced rat model of human metabolic syndrome. Male Wistar rats were fed either a corn starch-rich diet (C) or a high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with increased simple sugars along with saturated and trans fats (H) for 16 weeks. H rats showed signs of metabolic syndrome leading to visceral obesity with hypertension, glucose intolerance, cardiovascular remodelling and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Food was supplemented with 3% dried B or G for the final eight weeks only. The major volatile components were the closely related terpenes, 1,8-cineole in B and α-terpinyl acetate in G. HB (high-carbohydrate, high-fat + black cardamom) rats showed marked reversal of diet-induced changes, with decreased visceral adiposity, total body fat mass, systolic blood pressure and plasma triglycerides, and structure and function of the heart and liver. In contrast, HG (high-carbohydrate, high-fat + green cardamom) rats increased visceral adiposity and total body fat mass, and increased heart and liver damage, without consistent improvement in the signs of metabolic syndrome. These results suggest that black cardamom is more effective in reversing the signs of metabolic syndrome than green cardamom.

Suitability of selected chromatographic columns for analysis of fatty acids in dialyzed patients

“…This confirms that this column is suitable for analysis of a large and diverse group of chemical compounds, such as FAs. Our findings are consistent with the results of many previous studies involving a ZB‐5 column (Bhaswant et al, ; Fazlollahi et al, ; Jiye et al, ; Kaska et al, ; Lagerstedt et al, ; Mika et al, , ; Sledzinski et al, ). GC–MS analysis of serum FA profiles demonstrated that patients with end‐stage CKD presented with significantly higher contents of MUFAs and significantly lower contents of n‐6 PUFAs than the controls.…”

“…Many authors documented application of various chromatographic columns, including the capillary columns that are the subject of this study, for the analysis of lipid profiles in subjects with metabolic disorders. For example, ZB-5 column has already been used to determine fatty acid (FA) profiles in morbid obesity (Bhaswant et al, 2015;Kaska et al, 2014;Mika et al, 2015;Sledzinski et al, 2013), diseases associated with hypertriglyceridemia (Mika et al, 2016), hypertension (Bhaswant et al, 2015) and chronic otomastoiditis (Fazlollahi et al, 2015), as well as for biochemical diagnosis of nutritional and metabolic disorders (Lagerstedt et al, 2001). The ZB-Wax plus column was applied to analyze FA profiles in obesity (Riserus et al, 2008) and cardiovascular diseases (Sugiura et al, 2014), the Rtx-225 column in CKD (Friedman et al, 2012;Koorts, Viljoen, & Kruger, 2002) and congenital heart disease (Asada, Itoi, Nakamura, & Hamaoka, 2016), and the Rtx-2560 column in CKD (An et al, 2009;Sertoglu et al, 2014;Shearer, Carrero, Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; FA, fatty acid; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; MS, mass spectrometry; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; GC, gas chromatography; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; GC-FID, gas chromatography-flame ionization detector; SEM, standard error of the mean Heimbürger, Barany, & Stenvinkel, 2011), diabetes mellitus (Sertoglu et al, 2014), fatty liver disease (Kurek et al, 2014) and atherosclerosis (Gladine et al, 2014).…”

Cardamom powder supplementation prevents obesity, improves glucose intolerance, inflammation and oxidative stress in liver of high carbohydrate high fat diet induced obese rats

“…HPLC analysis showed that ethanol extract of cardamom consists of (−)-epicatechin, vanillin, p -coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, ellagic acid which have highly anti inflamatory and antioxidant activities. According to the literature review of cardamom, the major constituents of cardamom are α-terpinyl acetate, α-terpineol, 1,8-cineole and limonene, which have potential effects in metabolic syndrome as these terpenes reduced blood pressure in normotensive rats and also showed endothelium dependent vasorelaxation in male Wistar rats [ 12 ]. However, this previous report ignored the potential role of phenolic antioxidants present in cardamom.…”

“…It is also used in culinary and traditional medicine practices. Cardamom is a good source of volatile oils, fixed oils, phenolic acids and sterols [ 12 ]. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of multiple chemicals, such as α-terpineol, myrcene, heptane, subinene, limonene, cineol, α-phellandrene, menthone, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-sitostenone, γ-sitosterol, phytol, eugenyl acetate [ 13 ].…”

Systematics Evaluations of Morphological Traits, Chemical Composition, and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Varieties of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton

“…[6][7][8] In the traditional or Indian system of medicine fruits, seeds, and oil are mainly used for a pharmaceutical cause against teeth and gum infections, carminative, constipation, epilepsy, colic pain, pulmonary tuberculosis, eye inflammation, anorexia, coughs and cold, bronchitis and asthma treatments, snake and scorpion poisoning. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Clinical studies showed the effectiveness and safety of lesser cardamom supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic control, and oxidative stress in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 15 Recently, it has also been reported that the essential oil of E. cardamomum is effective against bacteria (Gram-positive, Gram-negative) and fungi.…”