Great variability in nest lining size: support for thermoregulation but not for anti-predatory adaptation hypothesis

Abstract

Nest lining is a key component in nests of many bird species. Among ground-nesting birds with open nests, it usually consists of dry sticks and stalks creating a thermoregulatory insulating layer for the eggs. However, a bigger nest lining can attract predators and increase nest mortality. The factors influencing behavioural plasticity in birds facing the trade-off between nest lining thermoregulation and conspicuousness for predators have remained poorly understood. The Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, a visibly incubating shorebird with an active nest defence against potential predators, demonstrates great variability in the size of nest lining and, at the same time, is subject to a high frequency of nest predation. We analysed the variability of nest-lining size across time and space in 915 measurements of 601 lapwing nests in South Bohemia, Czech Republic, during 2010-2015. We show that lapwing nests placed closer to small water pools with generally cooler microclimates had bigger nest lining. The size of nest linings also reflected the availability of nest lining material in the vicinity of the nest. On the other hand, there was no effect of nest position within the breeding association and distance to the nearest perch as a possible stand for predators on nest lining size. Furthermore, nest lining size did not predict nest predation rate. Our findings suggest that lapwings adjust the size of their nest lining to local microclimate conditions rather than potential predation risk which is in concordance with the thermoregulation hypothesis of the nest size in birds. Keywords Ground-nesting bird • Microclimate • Nest predation • Nest site moisture • Northern lapwing • Shorebirds • Vanellus vanellus Zusammenfassung Hohe Variabilität im Ausmaß der Nestauspolsterung: Belege sprechen für die Thermoregulations-, nicht aber für die Feindvermeidungshypothese. Die Nestpolsterung ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Nester vieler Vogelarten. Bei Bodenbrütern mit offenen Nestern besteht diese normalerweise aus trockenen Stöckchen und Halmen, welche eine thermoregulatorische Isolationsschicht für die Eier bilden. Eine stärkere Nestpolsterung kann jedoch Prädatoren anlocken und somit die Nestlingsmortalität erhöhen. Die Faktoren, welche die Verhaltensplastizität bei Vögeln im Konflikt zwischen thermoregulatorischer Nestpolsterung und der Auffälligkeit für Prädatoren beeinflussen, sind bisher kaum erforscht. Der Kiebitz Vanellus vanellus, eine offen brütende Limikolenart, welche ihre Nester aktiv gegen Prädatoren verteidigt, weist eine starke Variabilität bezüglich des Ausmaßes der Nestpolsterung auf und unterliegt zugleich einer hohen Nestprädationsrate. Wir untersuchten die zeitliche Communicated by F. Bairlein.

Climate as an Evolutionary Driver of Nest Morphology in Birds: A Review

“…Indeed, selection for larger nests could be constrained by predation risk, since many predators are diurnal and use vision to locate nests, and it is known that bigger nests, relative to body size, are more susceptible to predation (Møller, 1990;Martin and Li, 1992;Biancucci and Martin, 2010;Mouton and Martin, 2019). In fact, the pressure to construct small and inconspicuous nests may outweigh the pressure to produce a suitable nest microclimate (Møller, 1990;Crossman et al, 2011, but see Akresh et al, 2017Kubelka et al, 2019). These competing selection pressures can be particularly important for exposed, open cup nesters (Matysiokov and Remes, 2018).…”

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