“…Second, the Kazakhstan government has officially proclaimed tourism as one of the priority sectors for economic development of the country (Dulambaeva & Kozhakhmet, 2018) which is reflected in the support provided by the government to tourism businesses and entrepreneurs (Baiburiev et al, 2018). Third, the geo-political location of Kazakhstan within the Great Silk Road enables its accessibility to the significant tourism markets of China and Russia (Medeu et al, 2015). Lastly, although the rather remote geographical location of Kazakhstan in Central Asia impedes the destination's promotion to Europe and USA, transportation links between these tourism markets have substantially improved in recent years (Kantarci, 2007), suggesting increasing supply of tourists from these markets in the foreseeable future.…”
Little is known about sustainable tourism transformations in post-Soviet countries. This particularly concerns the former Soviet Union Republics where no research has attempted to assess how/if the principles of sustainability have been embedded into destination management policies and plans (DMPPs). This study has critically evaluated the scope for integration of sustainable tourism in DMPPs in Kazakhstan, a former post-Soviet country in Central Asia. By interviewing key tourism stakeholders, it has shown limited embracement of the principles of sustainability. The lack of -(1) an understanding of the sustainability concept by the national government, destination managers and industry practitioners; (2) subjectspecific expertise in managing sustainable tourism projects; (3) community engagement in sustainable tourism planning and development; and (4) stakeholder collaboration -has been identified as a prime reason. A multi-level, multi-stakeholder action framework is proposed to aid the tourism industry of Kazakhstan in its advancement towards the sustainable (tourism) development goal.
“…Second, the Kazakhstan government has officially proclaimed tourism as one of the priority sectors for economic development of the country (Dulambaeva & Kozhakhmet, 2018) which is reflected in the support provided by the government to tourism businesses and entrepreneurs (Baiburiev et al, 2018). Third, the geo-political location of Kazakhstan within the Great Silk Road enables its accessibility to the significant tourism markets of China and Russia (Medeu et al, 2015). Lastly, although the rather remote geographical location of Kazakhstan in Central Asia impedes the destination's promotion to Europe and USA, transportation links between these tourism markets have substantially improved in recent years (Kantarci, 2007), suggesting increasing supply of tourists from these markets in the foreseeable future.…”
Little is known about sustainable tourism transformations in post-Soviet countries. This particularly concerns the former Soviet Union Republics where no research has attempted to assess how/if the principles of sustainability have been embedded into destination management policies and plans (DMPPs). This study has critically evaluated the scope for integration of sustainable tourism in DMPPs in Kazakhstan, a former post-Soviet country in Central Asia. By interviewing key tourism stakeholders, it has shown limited embracement of the principles of sustainability. The lack of -(1) an understanding of the sustainability concept by the national government, destination managers and industry practitioners; (2) subjectspecific expertise in managing sustainable tourism projects; (3) community engagement in sustainable tourism planning and development; and (4) stakeholder collaboration -has been identified as a prime reason. A multi-level, multi-stakeholder action framework is proposed to aid the tourism industry of Kazakhstan in its advancement towards the sustainable (tourism) development goal.
“…tworzenie klastrów (regionów) turystycznych (Kapiki et al, 2014) i zakłada, że bezpośrednie lub pośrednie nakłady na ożywienie turystyki w wybranych regionach powinny mieć korzystny wpływ na lokalną gospodarkę (Kurbanov, 2003). Planuje się rozbudowę sieci szlaków komunikacyjnych, zwiększającej dostępność do ośrodków turystycznych (Kuzekov, Kusekova, 2008;Каbdygalijew, 2009;Gdowska et al, 2014;Erniyazova et al, 2014;Medeu, 2015). Podkreśla się także potrzebę tworzenia na terenie kraju nowoczesnej infrastruktury logistycznej (Naruniec, 2004;Мажейко, 2013;Raimbekov et al, 2016) i rozwoju turystyki biznesowej (Trusheva, Syzdykbaeva, 2018).…”
Section: Przegląd Literatury Problemowejunclassified
Artykuł jest przeglądem i oceną walorów turystycznych Kazachstanu. Przestawia także próby ich praktycznego wykorzystania przez polskich organizatorów wycieczek do tego kraju. Zasadniczym jego celem jest przedstawienie dysjunkcji pomiędzy z jednej strony posiadaniem dużego potencjału przyrodniczego i kulturowego kraju, a z drugiej – problemami ekonomicznymi, utrudniającymi rozwój turystyki w tym państwie. Przedstawiono ten problem w oparciu o literaturę przedmiotu, analizę materiałów zebranych w kazachskich ośrodkach turystycznych, wywiady i bezpośrednie obserwacje jakości turystycznej infrastruktury i obsługi turystów. Wynika z nich, że Kazachstan dysponuje różnorodnymi walorami przyrodniczymi i antropogenicznymi. W kraju brakuje jednak rozwiniętego sektora usług turystycznych. Infrastruktura turystyczna na terenie kraju jest nierówno i raczej słabo rozwinięta, jej wykorzystanie jest przeważnie sezonowe, ale poziom obsługi turystów zagranicznych jest zadawalający. Przyjazdy zorganizowanych grup turystów z Polski są sporadyczne. Trasy zwiedzania Kazachstanu przez polskie grupy prowadzą najczęściej od Astany na południe kraju – do Szymkentu, Turkiestanu i Ałmaty – czemu sprzyjają miejscowe połączenia lotnicze i kolejowe.
“…For instance, some of the stable regions are located far from the big urban clusters, and correspond to towns with relatively small populations. The nature of their viability is accounted by the transport/trade paths (such as the silk way, which was historically passed through them) 20 . Figure 1 The urban networks.…”
Only taking into consideration the interplay between processes occurring at different levels of a country can provide the complete social and geopolitical plot of its urban system. We study the interaction of the administrative structure and the geographical connectivity between cities with the help of a multiplex network approach. We found that a spatially-distributed geo-network imposes its own ranking to the hierarchical administrative network, while the latter redistributes the shortest paths between nodes in the geographical layer. Using both real demographic data of population censuses of the Republic of Kazakhstan and theoretical models, we show that in a country-scale urban network and for each specific city, the geographical neighbouring with highly populated areas is more important than its political setting. Furthermore, the structure of political subordination is instead crucial for the wealth of transportation network and communication between populated regions of the country.
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