Greasoline: Biofuels From Non‐food Materials and Residues

Dahmen, Georg; Haug, Peter; Festel, Gunter; Kraft, Axel; Heil, V.; Menne, Andreas; Unger, Christoph

doi:10.1002/9781118843796.ch11

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 5 publications

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“…The results from catalyst characterisation are summarised in Table 2. From earlier experience with the development of the Greasoline ® process for decarboxylation of vegetable oils and fats over activated carbon, a temperature range from 350 °C to 450 °C was found to be optimal [22] and therefore a value of 400 °C was chosen for the whole set of experiments for both types of activated carbon. To keep the results comparable on first approach, all other catalysts were tested at this temperature also.…”

Section: Ablative Fast Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuels from Reliable Bio-based Refinery Intermediates: BioMates

Schulzke

Conrad

Shumeiko

et al. 2019

Waste Biomass Valor

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The overall aim of the project "BioMates" is to develop a conversion process for agricultural residues (cereal straw) or energy crops (miscanthus) into a liquid intermediate with reliable properties for the co-processing in existing petroleum refineries. The process is divisible into two individual stepsablative fast pyrolysis and mild hydrotreatment. Both biomass feedstocks were pyrolysed in a laboratory plant and optimal parameters leading to highest organic liquid yield were determined to be 540 °C at the hot surface, 50 bar hydraulic pressure and 80 rpm of rotational speed of the ablation plate. Different setups for condensation and catalytic vapour upgrade were tested and best results regarding highest organic yield with lowest water content could be achieved with a two-stage condensation operating at about 68 °C condensation temperature in the first stage. Here, a total yield of 41 wt.-% in (oxygenated) organic compounds could be achieved in the first stage condensate compared to only 36 wt.-% in the tarry phase of single stage condensation. Catalysts for direct upgrading of vapours were tested but found to be inappropriate in the current setup. For mild hydrotreatment conventional sulphidized catalyst and newly developed non-sulphidized catalysts were tested. The new catalysts showed high initial reactivity but fast deactivation. Currently, the commercial catalyst with NiMo-system on Al2O3-support performed best, especially at 8 MPa hydrogen supply pressure and 360 °C operating temperature. Here, water content below 1 wt.-%, a density of organic product below 0.9 kg dm -3 and a lower heating value above 39 MJ kg -1 was achieved. Electrochemical compression and purification can supply hydrogen at necessary pressure and flow rate with acceptable energy demand and by that can replace mechanical compression on the supply side and pressure swing adsorption system in the recycle loop. The project aims were fully achieved in TRL3-4 and will be demonstrated in TRL5 until the end of the project.

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Section: Ablative Fast Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuels from Reliable Bio-based Refinery Intermediates: BioMates

Schulzke

Conrad

Shumeiko

et al. 2019

Waste Biomass Valor

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Hydrocarbon fuel blendstock from tannery waste: energy from fleshing oil via gas phase catalytic cracking

Onem,

Heil,

Yesil

et al. 2024

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The global leather industry generates large quantities of tannery waste. These leather wastes have a high fat content, which could be used for valuable products. This study focuses on the conversion of such fats into a biocrude to be distilled into a bio‐based hydrocarbon fuel blendstock. A biorefining technology defined as ‘gas‐phase catalytic cracking’ (GCC) over activated carbons, also referred to as ‘greasoline’, was used for conversion, and GC–MS/FID and simulated distillation for product characterization. The experiments were performed at ambient pressure and 450 °C reaction temperature, with 40 g h−1 of fat being processed over 55 g of steam‐activated carbon under a nitrogen atmosphere for a duration of 4 h. Fleshing oil obtained from the pre‐fleshing of double‐face lambskins by extraction with supercritical CO2 yielded almost the same mass fraction of organic liquid product (OLP) (59 wt%) as palm oil used as a reference (62 wt%). In both OLPs, n‐alkanes from heptane to heptadecane predominate, with a clear predominance of n‐pentadecane and n‐heptadecane and no unsaturated molecules among the major components. For both oils, about 85 wt% of the OLP is in the boiling range of diesel fuel, and about another 12 wt% is in the gasoline boiling range. The results show that mixtures of fatty acids extracted from leather tanning wastes can be used for value‐added products – in particular for the production of bio‐based hydrocarbon fuel blendstock.

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Greasoline: Biofuels From Non‐food Materials and Residues

Cited by 2 publications

References 5 publications

Fuels from Reliable Bio-based Refinery Intermediates: BioMates

Fuels from Reliable Bio-based Refinery Intermediates: BioMates

Hydrocarbon fuel blendstock from tannery waste: energy from fleshing oil via gas phase catalytic cracking

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