Grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering at the wiggler beamline BW4 of HASYLAB

Abstract

We present an upgrade of the available measurement techniques at the wiggler beamline BW4 of the Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor ͑HASYLAB͒ to grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering ͑GIWAXS͒. GIWAXS refers to an x-ray diffraction method, which, based on the measurement geometry, is perfectly suited for the investigation of the material crystallinity of surfaces and thin films. It is shown that the overall experimental GIWAXS setup employing a movable CCD-detector provides the capability of reliable and reproducible diffraction measurements in grazing incidence geometry. Furthermore, the potential usage of an additional detector enables the simultaneous or successive measurement of GIWAXS and grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering ͑GISAXS͒. The new capability is illustrated by the microbeam GIWAXS measurement of a thin film of the conjugated polymer poly͑3-octylthiophene͒ ͑P3OT͒. The investigation reveals the semicrystalline nature of the P3OT film by a clear identification of the wide angle scattering reflexes up to the third order in the ͓100͔-direction as well as the first order in the ͓010͔-direction. The corresponding microbeam GISAXS measurement on the present morphology complements the characterization yielding the complete sample information from subnanometer up to micrometer length scales.

Naphthalene-, Anthracene-, and Pyrene-Substituted Fullerene Derivatives as Electron Acceptors in Polymer-based Solar Cells

“…This could be due to slightly different morphology or ordering of P3HT in the blend systems with the fullerene acceptors. 28 The formation of highly ordered P3HT crystals in the blend films was also indicated by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) measurements 29 shown in Figures 2a and 2b. The (100), (200), and (300) P3HT diffraction peaks were strongest in the out-of plane direction (q z ), indicating that P3HT had a well-organized structure with stacks oriented along the perpendicular axis of the substrate.…”

Assessment and Formation Mechanism of Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures on Polymer Spin-Coated Films in Real and Reciprocal Space

“…24,25 In addition to structural changes involved in LIPSS formation, possible changes in the crystallinity of the polymer films can be studied by grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). 22,26 The main aim of this work is twofold: first, to evaluate the potential of grazing incidence X-ray scattering techniques in the investigation of LIPSSs and, second, to get further insight into the mechanisms that govern LIPSS formation in spin-coated polymer films. To accomplish these goals, LIPSSs have been induced by nanosecond UV pulses on different model polymers, including aromatic ones, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(trimethylene terephthalate), and poly(carbonate bisphenol A), or aliphatic ones, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride).…”

Improving information density in ferroelectric polymer films by using nanoimprinted gratings

“…The experimental setup for GISAXS and GIWAXS has been previously described. [25][26][27] A scheme of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1.…”