Grazing and Plant Performance

Trlica, M. J.; Rittenhouse, L.R.

doi:10.2307/1941783

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The method that we have developed thus can be of great value in generating more accurate estimates of the total impact of herbivory. These in turn are needed to make more robust predictions about the effects of nutrient enrichment on populations, to anticipate consequences of global climate change on community structure and composition, to devise appropriate pest management strategies, and to provide a greater mechanistic understanding of the basic ecology of interactions between plants and the insects that consume them (17).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of folivory on photosynthesis is greater than the sum of its holes

Zangerl

Hamilton

Miller

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

248

251

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of herbivores on plant production and fitness may not relate directly to the quantity of biomass removed because folivory may alter photosynthetic rates at a considerable distance from the damaged tissue [ ]. An impediment to understanding the effects of leaf damage on photosynthesis has been an inability to map photosynthetic function within a single leaf. We developed an instrument for imaging chlorophyll fluorescence and used it to map the effects of caterpillar feeding on whole-leaf photosynthesis in wild parsnip. The adverse effects of caterpillar feeding on photosynthesis were found to extend well beyond the areas of the leaflet in which caterpillars removed tissue. These ''indirectly'' affected areas remained impaired for at least 3 days after the caterpillars were removed and were six times as large as the area directly damaged by the caterpillars. Although photosynthesis in indirectly affected areas was reduced and not eliminated, these areas accounted for three times as much of the overall reduction in photosynthesis as the area removed by the caterpillars. The size of the indirect effects was positively correlated with defense-related synthesis of furanocoumarins, suggesting that costs of chemical defense may be one factor that accounts for the indirect effects of herbivory on plants.I n average years, net primary productivity removed by herbivores ranges from 2 to 15% in forests and from 4 to 24% in oldfields and grasslands (1). However, impacts on individual plants and plant communities are not readily predicted by the amounts of tissue taken by herbivores. Such unpredictability results from a variety of phenomena, including distribution of the damage within a plant (concentrated in one area or dispersed; ref.2), specific location (e.g., proximity to a vein; ref.3), induced production of allelochemicals that can be costly to produce (4), and the potential for compensatory increases of photosynthetic rates in intact leaf tissue (5).Many of the phenomena that mediate the effects of damage on photosynthesis have been undetectable to researchers because measurement of small areas of leaves by conventional gas exchange methods has been technically impossible. We developed an instrument that spatially maps chlorophyll fluorescence of intact leaves and extends the capabilities of previous instruments by providing a complete fluorescence-quenching analysis (6), imaging of larger areas of leaves (4-6 cm 2 ), and simultaneous gas-exchange measurements. In this study, we produced high-resolution images of the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (FЈ q ͞FЈ m ). The pixel values are directly related to the rate of electron transfer through the photosystems (7) and are highly correlated with the rate of carbon dioxide assimilation (8). We used this instrument to examine the effects of caterpillar damage in wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), a weedy species of European origin that occurs widely in the northeastern United States. When foliage of this species is damaged, furanocoumarins, compounds with bio...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of folivory on photosynthesis is greater than the sum of its holes

Zangerl

Hamilton

Miller

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

248

251

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The statistical analysis was performed with DNP software; the calculation of diversity index was derived from Chen [15] and Zhang's [16] methods. The formulae are as follows:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More research indicates that the species diversity of grassland has important ecology functions [8][9][10][11][12], species diversity is positively related to productivity, especially aboveground biomass [13][14][15]. Stipa bungeana steppe is a major community of middle temperate semi-arid typical grassland in the Eurasian section, widely distributes in western China and Loess Plateau region, and is mainly used for grazing and cutting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant compensatory growth can be decided by the net effect of inhibition and promotion, which relates to the community type, stocking rate, environment condition, and grazing history [5]. Domestic and foreign studies on plant compensatory growth mostly focus on theory and model, and the study through comprehensive and systematic experiment is very much limited [15,[25][26][27][28][29]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dynamic Changes of Stipa bungeana Steppe Species Diversity as Better Indicators for Soil Quality and Sustainable Utilization Mode in Yunwu Mountain Nature Reserve, Ningxia, China

Cheng

et al. 2011

CLEAN Soil Air Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Due to serious degradation of typical Stipa bungeana steppe community on the Loess Plateau, a 26-year (1982-2007) experiment has been carried out by methods of forbidden grazing, cutting, and rotational grazing. Our results show that the process of succession of long-term enclosed S. bungeana community can be divided into two stages: 1980-1996, the forward succession stage, when the species diversity and biomass reach the peak (33.7 species/m 2 and 1349.41 g/m 2 , respectively); 1997-2007, the slow succession stage, when the gradually thickening of litter layer (litter depth reaches 3-5 cm) directly causes the reduction of species diversity and biomass to 19.1 species/m 2 and 863.19 g/m 2 , respectively. While under the cutting and rotational grazing methods, grassland succession can be divided into four stages: 1st-5th year, the continuing growth stage; 6th-9th year, the vigorous competing stage; 10th-15th year, the aggregation growth stage of constructive species with biomass reaching the peak (1444.19 g/m 2 ); and 16th-23rd year, stable growth stage of constructive species, which form sub-climax and are eventually dominated by S. bungeana, with the species diversity and biomass of 25-27 species/m 2 and 956.76-1165.35 g/m 2 , respectively. The constructive species suddenly change in the 24th year, and the population of S. grandis increases rapidly to 21 m À2 accounting for 25% of the total plant population. Long-term enclosure leads to decreased species diversity and biomass and is not beneficial for grassland renewing. The species diversity and biomass of degraded grassland continuously decrease to 10 species/m 2 and 392.1 g/m 2 due to long-term artificial failure and transitionally grazing, leading to harden soil with slow rainfall infiltration, where plants can only sustain life under the drought condition. Therefore, reasonable cutting and rotational grazing are the methods of choice for the gradual increase of species diversity and promotion of the natural renewal and forward succession of the grassland on Loess Plateau. These results provide reliable information for the diversity dynamic change as better indictors of soil quality and sustainable utilization mode.Keywords: Nature reserve; Soil quality; Species diversity dynamics; Stipa bungeana steppe; Sustainable utilization mode IntroductionGrassland is one of the globally important terrestrial ecosystems, and the increase in species diversity and productivity of grassland community depends greatly on the long-term management [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. More research indicates that the species diversity of grassland has important ecology functions [8][9][10][11][12], species diversity is positively related to productivity, especially aboveground biomass [13][14][15]. Stipa bungeana steppe is a major community of middle temperate semi-arid typical grassland in the Eurasian section, widely distributes in western China and Loess Plateau region, and is mainly used for grazing and cutting. Typical grassland has important position in the temperate steppe in Chin...

show abstract

“…The effects of grazing depend upon the intensity and frequency of damage (Harper, 1977;Crawley, 1983;Marquis, 1984Marquis, , 1992Doak, 1991;Edenius et al, 1993), the plant phenological stage at the time of herbivory (Maschinski & Whitham, 1989;Marquis, 1992), which plant tissues are removed (Brown & Gange, 1989;Oesterheld, 1992), competition with non-grazed species (Fowler & Rausher, 1985;Maschinski & Whitham, 1989), and the biological characteristics of the plant species in question (Brown & Gange, 1989). The methodology traditionally used to detect grazing effects is thoroughly discussed by Belsky (1986Belsky ( , 1987, and Trlica & Rittenhouse (1993); it is time-intensive. Developmental instability, on the other hand, is relatively inexpensive and quickly provides an assessment of stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instability of development and fractal architecture in dryland plants as an index of grazing pressure

Alados

Emlen²,

Wachocki

et al. 1998

Journal of Arid Environments

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Developmental instability has been used to monitor the well-being of natural populations exposed to physical, chemical and biological stressors. Here, we use developmental instability to assess the impact of grazing on Chrysothamnus greenii and Seriphidium novum shrubs, and Oryzopsis hymenoides grass, common in the arid intermountain west of the U.S.A. Statistical noise in allometric relations was used as an indicator of developmental instability arising from grazing-induced stress. Unpalatable species that are not grazed (Chrysothamnus greenii) or species that are dormant during the winter-spring grazing period (Oryzopsis hymenoides) show lower allometric variability under high grazing pressure. Palatable species (Seriphidium novum) exhibit high developmental instability under low and high grazing pressure. Grazing pressure imposed by presumably co-adapted wild herbivores enhances developmental stability in species habituated to moderate grazing, like Oryzopsis hymenoides, but stresses plants such as Chrysothamnus greenii that prefer disturbed environments. These grazing effects are probably due to the impact grazing has on competitive relationships and not to the direct action of the herbivore on the plants.

show abstract

Grazing and Plant Performance

Cited by 60 publications

References 17 publications

Impact of folivory on photosynthesis is greater than the sum of its holes

Impact of folivory on photosynthesis is greater than the sum of its holes

Dynamic Changes of Stipa bungeana Steppe Species Diversity as Better Indicators for Soil Quality and Sustainable Utilization Mode in Yunwu Mountain Nature Reserve, Ningxia, China

Instability of development and fractal architecture in dryland plants as an index of grazing pressure

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About