Gravure‐Printed ZnO in Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Printed Inverted Organic Solar Cells: Optimization of Adhesion and Performance

Vilkman, Marja; Apilo, Pälvi; Välimäki, Marja; Ylikunnari, Mari; Bernardi, Anderea; Pò, Riccardo; Corso, Gianni; Hast, Jukka

doi:10.1002/ente.201402155

Cited by 23 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Based on the paper published by Vilkman et al, the properties of the printed ZnO film can be optimized using R2R post‐printing plasma treatment that leads to increased adhesion and PCE . For this reason, another batch of ICBA modules were prepared in R2R process where the same post‐printing plasma treatment phase for ZnO layer was applied.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Printed P3HT/Indene‐C60‐Bisadduct Modules with High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Efficiency

et al. 2018

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Indene‐C60‐bisadduct (ICBA) can represent an excellent choice as an acceptor of organic solar cells due to the, at most, similar cost, higher efficiency, and higher open‐circuit voltage (VOC) obtained in small‐scale devices compared to phenyl[60]butyrate methyl ester ([60]PCBM). We have investigated ICBA in printed solar cells and assessed the upscale of the printing process to a roll‐to‐roll (R2R) pilot production. Performances of poly(3‐hexylthiophene):ICBA solar cells are confirmed to be superior compared to [60]PCBM. Using large scale 2D R2R printing techniques, with both active material systems excellent processability, reproducibility, and yield are reached. At first, ICBA based large area modules (57 cm2) showed significant loss in efficiency. However, stressing the devices by exposure to sunlight was found to lead high efficiency modules with a VOC of 0.78 V per cell and a PCE of 3.4%. This is among the highest VOC per cell values realized with fully R2R processed organic photovoltaic modules and among the highest PCEs with P3HT based R2R processed modules. Imaging techniques have allowed to identify that stressing with sunlight partially burns shunts and recovers S‐shaped behavior in the ICBA‐based modules.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ZnO was gravure printed with the printing speed of 8 m min −1 . The R2R plasma process was performed with a web speed of 2 m min −1 and, an argon–nitrogen mixture with the power of 200 W . Photoactive layer of P3HT:ICBA and P3HT:[60]PCBM were gravure printed with the printing speed of 8 m min −1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Printed P3HT/Indene‐C60‐Bisadduct Modules with High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Efficiency

et al. 2018

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“…Metal oxides. (a) FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectra of commercial titania nanoparticles inkjet‐printed and plasma treated between 0 (black) and 64 s (red; left) exhibiting a decrease in carbon groups and corresponding chronoamperometric measurements with a period of 10 s confirming increased film conductivity, reprinted with permission from Homola et al [ 123 ] (b) Schematic and photos of a roll‐to‐roll (R2R) process for ZnO‐based organic photovoltaic devices consisting of rotary screen and gravure printing steps reprinted with permission from Vilkman et al [ 124 ] The gravure printed ZnO films were post‐print plasma treated to increase adhesion and power conversion efficiency…”

Section: Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been reported that ZnO electrodes benefit by plasma processing. [ 124 ] Commercially‐available ZnO nanoparticle suspensions were gravure printed on ITO‐coated PET substrates using a large‐scale R2R printing machine (Figure 10b). After printing, the structures were exposed to a 200 W atmospheric pressure plasma formed in a mixture of Ar and O 2 .…”

Section: Schemesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmas for additive manufacturing

Sui

Zorman

Sankaran

2020

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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Additive methods for manufacturing materials have recently emerged, particularly for the fabrication of three-dimensional architectures. Because of their long history in thin-film etching and deposition, plasmas offer unique advantages for many of the materials and surface processes associated with additive manufacturing. Here, we review recent efforts that have been primarily focused on the direct writing of patterned structures and the post-treatment of printed materials. Different configurations, materials, and applications are presented. Current challenges and a future outlook are also provided. 3D printing, additive manufacturing, microdischarges, nanotechnology, roll-to-roll

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“…ZnO is a well‐known n‐type semiconductor with high electron mobility and transmittance . In particular, its low‐temperature solution‐processability (<150 °C) is appropriate for roll‐to‐roll printing technology on flexible substrates . However, its relatively high work function of ≈4.3 eV requires further electric dipole layers for improving the charge transporting characteristics of the CQD layers .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Performance of Quantum‐Dot Photodetectors Using Cheap and Environmentally Friendly Polyethylene Glycol

Kang

Park

Jeong

et al. 2018

Adv Materials Inter

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there are many important applications, such as imaging and biomedical sensors, [14,15] X-ray detectors, [16] and optical communications. [17] For p-n junction QPDs, important parameters are the interfacial contact properties at the p-n junction because the internal electric field at the interfaces can decrease the trap site and charge recombination for efficient charge transport in QPDs. [18][19][20] Recently, Wei et al. reported promising photodetecting properties by developing hybrid organic/PbS CQD based QPDs. [21] The CQD layer improved the electron transport and prevented charge recombination in the devices. Thus, the bilayer contact between the bulk-heterojunction conjugated organic layer and the CQD active layer significantly decreased the dark current and improved charge collection. However, no studies were done to improve the charge collection and decrease the dark current in QPDs via modifying the interfacial properties among the CQD layer and the electron accepting layers (EALs).In this study, we have focused on the interfacial properties among CQDs and electron-accepting ZnO layers by introducing organic cathode buffer layers (CBLs) to improve the photodetecting properties of QPDs. ZnO is a well-known n-type semiconductor with high electron mobility and transmittance. [22,23] In particular, its low-temperature solution-processability (<150 °C) is appropriate for roll-to-roll printing technology on flexible substrates. [24,25] However, its relatively high work function of ≈4.3 eV requires further electric dipole layers for improving the charge transporting characteristics of the CQD layers. [26] In addition, the rough surface morphology from its crystalline structure worsens the uniform contact among the CQD and ZnO layers. To reduce the surface roughness and work function of the ZnO layer, we introduced polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the CBLs. PEIE has multiple hydroxyl side groups, which effectively generate permanent dipole moments at the interface of ZnO, and is successfully utilized in solar cells applications. [27,28] However, in the case of PEG, even though the ethylene glycol functional groups can coordinate with the ZnO layer, it has seldom been used in electronic applications to modify the EALs. [29] PEG is biologically safe, water soluble, and relatively cheap; thus, the utilization of PEG is environmentally and industrially attractive. Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) photodetectors (PDs) are developed. The on/off current ratio is improved by applying organic cathode buffer layers (CBLs), such as polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The on-current of CQD-PDs (QPDs) is increased by the decreased work function of ZnO/CBLs via forming a permanent dipole moment at the interface of ZnO andCBLs. The off-current is significantly decreased by the improved interfacial morphology via softening the ZnO surfaces. In the photoconductive mode for the fast response time of a signal, PEG-and PEIE-treated QPDs exhibit improved photodetecting pro...

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Gravure‐Printed ZnO in Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Printed Inverted Organic Solar Cells: Optimization of Adhesion and Performance

Cited by 23 publications

References 33 publications

Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Printed P3HT/Indene‐C60‐Bisadduct Modules with High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Efficiency

Fully Roll‐to‐Roll Printed P3HT/Indene‐C60‐Bisadduct Modules with High Open‐Circuit Voltage and Efficiency

Plasmas for additive manufacturing

Improved Performance of Quantum‐Dot Photodetectors Using Cheap and Environmentally Friendly Polyethylene Glycol

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